The Western culture Essay Example For Students

The Western culture Essay Western-oriented modernism has greatly affected the formation of individual identities and gender relations around the world. This paper will focus on the construction of identity, gender and gender relations within the discourse of Westernization and modernization during the late-Ottoman Empire and early Republican Turkey. It attempts to show how social, political, and cultural institutions shape citizen identity and how redefinitions of them affect identity, gender, and gender roles in society. Examining the Pertev Bey series of three novels by Mi nevver Ayai lias primary source and some other various cultural and historical texts of the late-Ottoman and early Republican period in Turkey, this paper aims to search for the terms under which new forms of femininity and masculinity were constructed, especially within the private space of the family and in public debates, during the early twentieth century, which in turn changed gender relations to a great extent. The Western dominated concept of modernization has played an important role in the relationship of the West with non-Western countries. We will write a custom essay on The Western culture specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now The transformation of non-Western countries in response to the requirements set by the criteria and standards of the West has resulted in a variety of social, political, economical and cultural changes. Modernization has placed the responsibility on the non-West to aspire to the ideals of this movement in order to be considered as part of the network of the progressing countries. The effects of modernization have been influential on the formation of personal and social identities. The construction of gender relations as a result of a myriad of debates on individual identities has been an important area for examining the social and cultural consequences of modernism, which have greatly shaped human interactions into multiple directions. 2 During the early nineteenth century, the Ottoman Empire struggled to accommodate its heritage consisting of political, social and cultural structures, institutions and values to the influences of the expanding Western colonial culture. Due to the disintegration within the Empire, resulting to a great extent from the wars and the influence of nationalism in the nineteenth century, the Ottoman society had to find ways to unify the society in the face of the loss of lands and power. One of the solutions for the Empire appeared to be Westernization among several other trends such as pan Islamism and Ottomanism. The acceptance of Westernization shaped many aspects of Ottoman life, especially individual identities and gender relations. The beginnings of Westernization are generally associated with the Tanzimat Fermani (Imperial Decree) of 1839 issued during the reign of Abdi lmecid. The word Tanzimat means regulations, and is used to refer to the period between 1839 and 1878 during which a considerable number of Western-inspired political and social reforms were carried out in the Ottoman Empire with the aim of solving the disintegration of the Empire. Despite the fact that the Tanzimat Fermani does not explicitly mention anything about family, women and womens education, there have been arguments that it has indirectly caused changes in the family and in the status of women. Rules for the behaviour of women in the public domain, new regulations on the institution of marriage, the emphasis on education for the improvement of marriages, the equation of family and women with the whole society resulted in changes in the positions and life conditions of women. Therefore, it is significant to study the Tanzimat period in order to examine the question of what types of female and male identities were discussed by both sexes within the framework of Westernization and modernism moving gender relations in different directions. 3 Both the period of Tanzimat and later of the Turkish Republic, which was founded in 1923 abolishing the political system of the Empire, are significant in the study of Westernization in Turkey. The approach of the Ottoman and the Republican towards Westernization have differences as well as similarities and both periods in Turkish history have contributed to the construction of individual and national identities, thus it is significant to study both of them to understand the various historical forces that have affected the formation of individual identities and gender relations. Based on this premise, this research paper uses the term Ottoman and Republican to refer to the two different periods and their changes in Turkish history and thus, to examine the effects of Westernization on the issue of identity in Turkey. Method and Sources The available sources prove the existence of avenues for the Ottoman subject to respond to new forms of self-expression, thus to voice individual concerns and questions about the imposition of new definitions on the self. Literature was one tool that the intellectuals of the Tanzimat and later periods used in order to convey different approaches towards the effects of Westernization on the formation of individual identities. The characters and plots of novels would, in a didactic way, try to show the reader the appropriate boundaries of Westernization. This research paper will analyze the Pertev Bey series by Mi nevver Ayai li , as primary sources, written in the 1960s about the disintegration of an Ottoman family during the early twentieth century. It will try to provide evidence for social and cultural changes referred to in the novel by examining studies done on various secondary sources, such as: historical narrative accounts, newspaper articles, images, advertisements, and books about the social, political and cultural reforms of the late nineteenth and early twentieth century. The premise, on which the research is based, is that it is almost inevitable for any non- Western country to be affected by the hegemony of the Western civilization, which has resulted 4 in many cases of complex interactions with the West. .udadf78702e5d4a2cb0a4ce9e2e19c172 , .udadf78702e5d4a2cb0a4ce9e2e19c172 .postImageUrl , .udadf78702e5d4a2cb0a4ce9e2e19c172 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .udadf78702e5d4a2cb0a4ce9e2e19c172 , .udadf78702e5d4a2cb0a4ce9e2e19c172:hover , .udadf78702e5d4a2cb0a4ce9e2e19c172:visited , .udadf78702e5d4a2cb0a4ce9e2e19c172:active { border:0!important; } .udadf78702e5d4a2cb0a4ce9e2e19c172 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .udadf78702e5d4a2cb0a4ce9e2e19c172 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .udadf78702e5d4a2cb0a4ce9e2e19c172:active , .udadf78702e5d4a2cb0a4ce9e2e19c172:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .udadf78702e5d4a2cb0a4ce9e2e19c172 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .udadf78702e5d4a2cb0a4ce9e2e19c172 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .udadf78702e5d4a2cb0a4ce9e2e19c172 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .udadf78702e5d4a2cb0a4ce9e2e19c172 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .udadf78702e5d4a2cb0a4ce9e2e19c172:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .udadf78702e5d4a2cb0a4ce9e2e19c172 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .udadf78702e5d4a2cb0a4ce9e2e19c172 .udadf78702e5d4a2cb0a4ce9e2e19c172-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .udadf78702e5d4a2cb0a4ce9e2e19c172:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Music Censorship EssayThe content of texts and arguments will be interpreted within the analytical framework provided by the secondary sources in terms of the historical context of the period in which the arguments took place. Using mainly content analysis, this paper will examine social, cultural and political terms in texts for Ottoman subjecthood, citizenship, religious and national identities and for the definition and proposed characteristics of the acceptable and approved modern female and male individuals. Content analysis can help examine the deep underlying meanings and implications behind the verbal arguments in cultural texts. Paying attention to the intentions, tones, and word usage of the writers of these texts, this research will try to get at the individual attitudes, which can vary from cynical, paradoxical, and iron to appreciative, approving and celebratory, when confronted with the question of what type of female and male characteristics should be formed within the framework modernization and Westernization. The case of Turkey might be considered as a good example of the rhetorical domination of Westernization. However, it may limit the ability to make a general argument, as the heterogeneous nature of the Middle East, and of the non-West in general, would interfere with the notion of one specific way of dealing with Western influence. The variety of cultures within the region would challenge a stereotypical perspective on how each country has dealt with the influence of the West. The internal dynamics of each community may interfere with a general conclusion drawn from the study on Turkey about how each society has responded to the challenges faced in the encounter with the Western culture. This study is meant to be an examination of a particular and unique case. Some of the themes that are necessary in dealing with this topic are gendered politics, womens agency, patriarchal feminism, modernism and the family as the indigenous domain of social control. 5 Gendered Politics and Womens Agency Examining the formation of gender relations, this paper assumes the significance of studying both genders simultaneously as they are seen as contributing to each others formation through a dialectical relationship. Many arguments have been made about the neglect of the study on female experiences in understanding history. However, one must be careful not to equate the concept of gender with only female concerns, as it requires the male counterpart in its understanding. Among the thinkers using the term gendered politics, the importance of studying the agency of women in the formation of international politics and history has been acknowledged. Enloe in her book Bananas, Beaches and Bases, writing on international politics and feminism, criticizes patriarchal nationalism and gendered politics, which in her opinion prevent a full appreciation of history as they neglect the active participation of women in these fields. Patriarchal nationalism has perpetuated the inequalities in power relationships between sexes by viewing the female as the inferior subject that needs to accommodate to the wishes of the male elite. Thus, it has highly influenced the discourse on womens roles in the construction of a nation. Scotts poststructuralist approach to the study on the meaning of gender, in Gender and the Politics of History, bases its argument on the fact that gender is historically constructed, legitimated, challenged and maintained. The deconstruction of meaning by referring to oppositions, negations, hierarchical dependencies, exclusions and inclusions is, in Scotts opinion, significant when analyzing the unstable flowing word of gender. The term is manipulated by various forces that constantly interact to reshape its meaning. Therefore, it is essential, in studying the changes regarding gender during the late-Ottoman Empire, to situate it into the historical context including various social, cultural and political changes that might have 6 had different impacts on the creation of new definitions. The Tanzimat period, with its reforms and social trends and understandings, appears to be among those forces that reshaped gender, social and individual identities and relations. Frierson, in her analysis of the popular press during the reign of Abdi lhamid II, argues for the need to investigate the concept of gender with special focus on the agency of women in the process of modernization during the Hamidian era. She rightly thinks that his reign serves as an important source for the understanding of how later the proponents of Kemalism 1were able to mobilize women into the public sphere. The study of gender is essential, in her opinion, to grasp the process of state building, which is similar to the discourse by Enloe and Scott about the agency of women throughout history. Frierson analyzes the function of the popular press in educating the public about the reforms for Westernization and in providing ways, especially for women, to respond to the changes on individual identities. Literate women responded to the questions about the new identities imposed upon themselves under the impact of the modernizing language of Hamidian reforms. .u98f9b46467c1be415c00ede73e7fbded , .u98f9b46467c1be415c00ede73e7fbded .postImageUrl , .u98f9b46467c1be415c00ede73e7fbded .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u98f9b46467c1be415c00ede73e7fbded , .u98f9b46467c1be415c00ede73e7fbded:hover , .u98f9b46467c1be415c00ede73e7fbded:visited , .u98f9b46467c1be415c00ede73e7fbded:active { border:0!important; } .u98f9b46467c1be415c00ede73e7fbded .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u98f9b46467c1be415c00ede73e7fbded { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u98f9b46467c1be415c00ede73e7fbded:active , .u98f9b46467c1be415c00ede73e7fbded:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u98f9b46467c1be415c00ede73e7fbded .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u98f9b46467c1be415c00ede73e7fbded .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u98f9b46467c1be415c00ede73e7fbded .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u98f9b46467c1be415c00ede73e7fbded .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u98f9b46467c1be415c00ede73e7fbded:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u98f9b46467c1be415c00ede73e7fbded .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u98f9b46467c1be415c00ede73e7fbded .u98f9b46467c1be415c00ede73e7fbded-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u98f9b46467c1be415c00ede73e7fbded:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Hate Crimes EssayThus, their contribution to the historical changes of their societies needs to be analyzed as part of a study on the formation of gender relations affected by the consequences of a modernist discourse. Zilfi, in her work on Ottoman women of an earlier period, also argues that it is essential to focus on womens issues in the Ottoman Empire in order to see the broader picture on the Islamic past of women, which, in her opinion, has mainly consisted of pre-Ottoman past or Arabic sources in historical works. The book she edited consists of different articles that try to answer the question of womens active participation in the construction of their own social boundaries. Various studies on women and law, economy, vaki f (charity foundations) and marriage attempt to form a new framework to analyze womens experiences. Zilfi says; We argue that the elements of legal, physical and communal space converge to construct the 7 boundaries of Ottoman womens experiences (48) and continues; We replace the public/private dichotomy that has long dominated analysis of gender within the context of the Middle East with a new conception of womens experience. The new concept focuses on womans agency and traces her actions and interactions throughout all aspects of society, from everyday practices to material interests, from social rituals to symbolic expressions. (49) Zilfi appears to be on the same road with Enloe, Scott, and Frierson by tapping into the women question, acknowledging womens important role in the historical changes of their communities. Judith Tucker argues for recognition of the diversity in the Middle East, which in her opinion, requires scholars to form different criteria for studying gender in different contexts. She says that the variety of interpretations of Islam in the Middle East provide an example of the difficulty of generalizing or categorizing the Middle East and gender experiences in this region. The boundaries drawn and redrawn by historical, social, and contextual circumstances limit the ability to form generalizations about different cultures often considered to be in the same geographical region of the world. As the ideas Frierson, Enloe, Scott, Peteet, Tucker and Zilfi point out, for the purpose of this research paper, it is significant to start with the assumption that womens agency is significant in the construction of history. Digging into womens experiences of the modernization process, influenced to a great extent by both in the patriarchal society of the Ottomans and the patriarchal tendencies in the West, would enhance the understanding of the changes during the late nineteenth and early twentieth century Turkey. Family and Patriarchal Feminism The Ottoman Empire, despite the fact that it was not colonized, can be considered having experienced a type of colonialism when it took the West as a model in certain respects for the purpose of solving the disintegration in the Empire during the late nineteenth century. Within this perspective, nationalism and colonialism become useful terms to talk about the relationship 8 between the West and the Ottoman Empire. Chatterjee, in his work The Nation and its Fragments, uses the term anti-colonial nationalism, which creates its own domain of sovereignity within colonial society well before it begins its political battle with imperial power. It does this by dividing the world of social institutions and practices into two domains-the material and the spiritual. (6) Nationalism declares the spiritual as its sovereign domain where it launches the fashioning of a modern, national culture. Family, usually defined as the sphere of the female, is one of the sites of spiritual domain where the nation has the power to prevent interference from outside forces. (Peteet) In the face of colonialism, culture has been the driving motivation behind assertion of self-identities. Cultural authenticity (Peteet) has served as a unifier in the process of fragmentation caused by the encounter with a new civilization. Women have been equated with the primary agents who would establish, maintain, strengthen, and transmit the indigenous authentic cultures. (Peteet) Therefore, it has been generally considered that male rulers and thinkers of societies have assigned several roles to women for the enhancement of the interests of the nation as a whole. With its patriarchal social structure, the Ottoman Empire is assumed to have exercised its male hegemony over the female specifically in the family, which surfaces as an essential place to search for definitions of individual identities and gender relations. Gi le, in her examination of the relationships between modernism, religion and gender relations, specifically in Turkey, focuses on the notion of women as agents and symbols of the civilizing project of the reformists in the society. The Western culture Essay Example For Students The Western culture Essay Western-oriented modernism has greatly affected the formation of individual identities and gender relations around the world. This paper will focus on the construction of identity, gender and gender relations within the discourse of Westernization and modernization during the late-Ottoman Empire and early Republican Turkey. It attempts to show how social, political, and cultural institutions shape citizen identity and how redefinitions of them affect identity, gender, and gender roles in society. Examining the Pertev Bey series of three novels by Mi nevver Ayai lias primary source and some other various cultural and historical texts of the late-Ottoman and early Republican period in Turkey, this paper aims to search for the terms under which new forms of femininity and masculinity were constructed, especially within the private space of the family and in public debates, during the early twentieth century, which in turn changed gender relations to a great extent. The Western dominated concept of modernization has played an important role in the relationship of the West with non-Western countries. We will write a custom essay on The Western culture specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now The transformation of non-Western countries in response to the requirements set by the criteria and standards of the West has resulted in a variety of social, political, economical and cultural changes. Modernization has placed the responsibility on the non-West to aspire to the ideals of this movement in order to be considered as part of the network of the progressing countries. The effects of modernization have been influential on the formation of personal and social identities. The construction of gender relations as a result of a myriad of debates on individual identities has been an important area for examining the social and cultural consequences of modernism, which have greatly shaped human interactions into multiple directions. 2 During the early nineteenth century, the Ottoman Empire struggled to accommodate its heritage consisting of political, social and cultural structures, institutions and values to the influences of the expanding Western colonial culture. Due to the disintegration within the Empire, resulting to a great extent from the wars and the influence of nationalism in the nineteenth century, the Ottoman society had to find ways to unify the society in the face of the loss of lands and power. One of the solutions for the Empire appeared to be Westernization among several other trends such as pan Islamism and Ottomanism. The acceptance of Westernization shaped many aspects of Ottoman life, especially individual identities and gender relations. The beginnings of Westernization are generally associated with the Tanzimat Fermani (Imperial Decree) of 1839 issued during the reign of Abdi lmecid. The word Tanzimat means regulations, and is used to refer to the period between 1839 and 1878 during which a considerable number of Western-inspired political and social reforms were carried out in the Ottoman Empire with the aim of solving the disintegration of the Empire. Despite the fact that the Tanzimat Fermani does not explicitly mention anything about family, women and womens education, there have been arguments that it has indirectly caused changes in the family and in the status of women. Rules for the behaviour of women in the public domain, new regulations on the institution of marriage, the emphasis on education for the improvement of marriages, the equation of family and women with the whole society resulted in changes in the positions and life conditions of women. Therefore, it is significant to study the Tanzimat period in order to examine the question of what types of female and male identities were discussed by both sexes within the framework of Westernization and modernism moving gender relations in different directions. 3 Both the period of Tanzimat and later of the Turkish Republic, which was founded in 1923 abolishing the political system of the Empire, are significant in the study of Westernization in Turkey. The approach of the Ottoman and the Republican towards Westernization have differences as well as similarities and both periods in Turkish history have contributed to the construction of individual and national identities, thus it is significant to study both of them to understand the various historical forces that have affected the formation of individual identities and gender relations. Based on this premise, this research paper uses the term Ottoman and Republican to refer to the two different periods and their changes in Turkish history and thus, to examine the effects of Westernization on the issue of identity in Turkey. Method and Sources The available sources prove the existence of avenues for the Ottoman subject to respond to new forms of self-expression, thus to voice individual concerns and questions about the imposition of new definitions on the self. Literature was one tool that the intellectuals of the Tanzimat and later periods used in order to convey different approaches towards the effects of Westernization on the formation of individual identities. The characters and plots of novels would, in a didactic way, try to show the reader the appropriate boundaries of Westernization. This research paper will analyze the Pertev Bey series by Mi nevver Ayai li , as primary sources, written in the 1960s about the disintegration of an Ottoman family during the early twentieth century. It will try to provide evidence for social and cultural changes referred to in the novel by examining studies done on various secondary sources, such as: historical narrative accounts, newspaper articles, images, advertisements, and books about the social, political and cultural reforms of the late nineteenth and early twentieth century. The premise, on which the research is based, is that it is almost inevitable for any non- Western country to be affected by the hegemony of the Western civilization, which has resulted 4 in many cases of complex interactions with the West. .udadf78702e5d4a2cb0a4ce9e2e19c172 , .udadf78702e5d4a2cb0a4ce9e2e19c172 .postImageUrl , .udadf78702e5d4a2cb0a4ce9e2e19c172 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .udadf78702e5d4a2cb0a4ce9e2e19c172 , .udadf78702e5d4a2cb0a4ce9e2e19c172:hover , .udadf78702e5d4a2cb0a4ce9e2e19c172:visited , .udadf78702e5d4a2cb0a4ce9e2e19c172:active { border:0!important; } .udadf78702e5d4a2cb0a4ce9e2e19c172 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .udadf78702e5d4a2cb0a4ce9e2e19c172 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .udadf78702e5d4a2cb0a4ce9e2e19c172:active , .udadf78702e5d4a2cb0a4ce9e2e19c172:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .udadf78702e5d4a2cb0a4ce9e2e19c172 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .udadf78702e5d4a2cb0a4ce9e2e19c172 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .udadf78702e5d4a2cb0a4ce9e2e19c172 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .udadf78702e5d4a2cb0a4ce9e2e19c172 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .udadf78702e5d4a2cb0a4ce9e2e19c172:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .udadf78702e5d4a2cb0a4ce9e2e19c172 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .udadf78702e5d4a2cb0a4ce9e2e19c172 .udadf78702e5d4a2cb0a4ce9e2e19c172-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .udadf78702e5d4a2cb0a4ce9e2e19c172:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Music Censorship EssayThe content of texts and arguments will be interpreted within the analytical framework provided by the secondary sources in terms of the historical context of the period in which the arguments took place. Using mainly content analysis, this paper will examine social, cultural and political terms in texts for Ottoman subjecthood, citizenship, religious and national identities and for the definition and proposed characteristics of the acceptable and approved modern female and male individuals. Content analysis can help examine the deep underlying meanings and implications behind the verbal arguments in cultural texts. Paying attention to the intentions, tones, and word usage of the writers of these texts, this research will try to get at the individual attitudes, which can vary from cynical, paradoxical, and iron to appreciative, approving and celebratory, when confronted with the question of what type of female and male characteristics should be formed within the framework modernization and Westernization. The case of Turkey might be considered as a good example of the rhetorical domination of Westernization. However, it may limit the ability to make a general argument, as the heterogeneous nature of the Middle East, and of the non-West in general, would interfere with the notion of one specific way of dealing with Western influence. The variety of cultures within the region would challenge a stereotypical perspective on how each country has dealt with the influence of the West. The internal dynamics of each community may interfere with a general conclusion drawn from the study on Turkey about how each society has responded to the challenges faced in the encounter with the Western culture. This study is meant to be an examination of a particular and unique case. Some of the themes that are necessary in dealing with this topic are gendered politics, womens agency, patriarchal feminism, modernism and the family as the indigenous domain of social control. 5 Gendered Politics and Womens Agency Examining the formation of gender relations, this paper assumes the significance of studying both genders simultaneously as they are seen as contributing to each others formation through a dialectical relationship. Many arguments have been made about the neglect of the study on female experiences in understanding history. However, one must be careful not to equate the concept of gender with only female concerns, as it requires the male counterpart in its understanding. Among the thinkers using the term gendered politics, the importance of studying the agency of women in the formation of international politics and history has been acknowledged. Enloe in her book Bananas, Beaches and Bases, writing on international politics and feminism, criticizes patriarchal nationalism and gendered politics, which in her opinion prevent a full appreciation of history as they neglect the active participation of women in these fields. Patriarchal nationalism has perpetuated the inequalities in power relationships between sexes by viewing the female as the inferior subject that needs to accommodate to the wishes of the male elite. Thus, it has highly influenced the discourse on womens roles in the construction of a nation. Scotts poststructuralist approach to the study on the meaning of gender, in Gender and the Politics of History, bases its argument on the fact that gender is historically constructed, legitimated, challenged and maintained. The deconstruction of meaning by referring to oppositions, negations, hierarchical dependencies, exclusions and inclusions is, in Scotts opinion, significant when analyzing the unstable flowing word of gender. The term is manipulated by various forces that constantly interact to reshape its meaning. Therefore, it is essential, in studying the changes regarding gender during the late-Ottoman Empire, to situate it into the historical context including various social, cultural and political changes that might have 6 had different impacts on the creation of new definitions. The Tanzimat period, with its reforms and social trends and understandings, appears to be among those forces that reshaped gender, social and individual identities and relations. Frierson, in her analysis of the popular press during the reign of Abdi lhamid II, argues for the need to investigate the concept of gender with special focus on the agency of women in the process of modernization during the Hamidian era. She rightly thinks that his reign serves as an important source for the understanding of how later the proponents of Kemalism 1were able to mobilize women into the public sphere. The study of gender is essential, in her opinion, to grasp the process of state building, which is similar to the discourse by Enloe and Scott about the agency of women throughout history. Frierson analyzes the function of the popular press in educating the public about the reforms for Westernization and in providing ways, especially for women, to respond to the changes on individual identities. Literate women responded to the questions about the new identities imposed upon themselves under the impact of the modernizing language of Hamidian reforms. .u98f9b46467c1be415c00ede73e7fbded , .u98f9b46467c1be415c00ede73e7fbded .postImageUrl , .u98f9b46467c1be415c00ede73e7fbded .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u98f9b46467c1be415c00ede73e7fbded , .u98f9b46467c1be415c00ede73e7fbded:hover , .u98f9b46467c1be415c00ede73e7fbded:visited , .u98f9b46467c1be415c00ede73e7fbded:active { border:0!important; } .u98f9b46467c1be415c00ede73e7fbded .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u98f9b46467c1be415c00ede73e7fbded { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u98f9b46467c1be415c00ede73e7fbded:active , .u98f9b46467c1be415c00ede73e7fbded:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u98f9b46467c1be415c00ede73e7fbded .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u98f9b46467c1be415c00ede73e7fbded .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u98f9b46467c1be415c00ede73e7fbded .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u98f9b46467c1be415c00ede73e7fbded .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u98f9b46467c1be415c00ede73e7fbded:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u98f9b46467c1be415c00ede73e7fbded .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u98f9b46467c1be415c00ede73e7fbded .u98f9b46467c1be415c00ede73e7fbded-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u98f9b46467c1be415c00ede73e7fbded:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Hate Crimes EssayThus, their contribution to the historical changes of their societies needs to be analyzed as part of a study on the formation of gender relations affected by the consequences of a modernist discourse. Zilfi, in her work on Ottoman women of an earlier period, also argues that it is essential to focus on womens issues in the Ottoman Empire in order to see the broader picture on the Islamic past of women, which, in her opinion, has mainly consisted of pre-Ottoman past or Arabic sources in historical works. The book she edited consists of different articles that try to answer the question of womens active participation in the construction of their own social boundaries. Various studies on women and law, economy, vaki f (charity foundations) and marriage attempt to form a new framework to analyze womens experiences. Zilfi says; We argue that the elements of legal, physical and communal space converge to construct the 7 boundaries of Ottoman womens experiences (48) and continues; We replace the public/private dichotomy that has long dominated analysis of gender within the context of the Middle East with a new conception of womens experience. The new concept focuses on womans agency and traces her actions and interactions throughout all aspects of society, from everyday practices to material interests, from social rituals to symbolic expressions. (49) Zilfi appears to be on the same road with Enloe, Scott, and Frierson by tapping into the women question, acknowledging womens important role in the historical changes of their communities. Judith Tucker argues for recognition of the diversity in the Middle East, which in her opinion, requires scholars to form different criteria for studying gender in different contexts. She says that the variety of interpretations of Islam in the Middle East provide an example of the difficulty of generalizing or categorizing the Middle East and gender experiences in this region. The boundaries drawn and redrawn by historical, social, and contextual circumstances limit the ability to form generalizations about different cultures often considered to be in the same geographical region of the world. As the ideas Frierson, Enloe, Scott, Peteet, Tucker and Zilfi point out, for the purpose of this research paper, it is significant to start with the assumption that womens agency is significant in the construction of history. Digging into womens experiences of the modernization process, influenced to a great extent by both in the patriarchal society of the Ottomans and the patriarchal tendencies in the West, would enhance the understanding of the changes during the late nineteenth and early twentieth century Turkey. Family and Patriarchal Feminism The Ottoman Empire, despite the fact that it was not colonized, can be considered having experienced a type of colonialism when it took the West as a model in certain respects for the purpose of solving the disintegration in the Empire during the late nineteenth century. Within this perspective, nationalism and colonialism become useful terms to talk about the relationship 8 between the West and the Ottoman Empire. Chatterjee, in his work The Nation and its Fragments, uses the term anti-colonial nationalism, which creates its own domain of sovereignity within colonial society well before it begins its political battle with imperial power. It does this by dividing the world of social institutions and practices into two domains-the material and the spiritual. (6) Nationalism declares the spiritual as its sovereign domain where it launches the fashioning of a modern, national culture. Family, usually defined as the sphere of the female, is one of the sites of spiritual domain where the nation has the power to prevent interference from outside forces. (Peteet) In the face of colonialism, culture has been the driving motivation behind assertion of self-identities. Cultural authenticity (Peteet) has served as a unifier in the process of fragmentation caused by the encounter with a new civilization. Women have been equated with the primary agents who would establish, maintain, strengthen, and transmit the indigenous authentic cultures. (Peteet) Therefore, it has been generally considered that male rulers and thinkers of societies have assigned several roles to women for the enhancement of the interests of the nation as a whole. With its patriarchal social structure, the Ottoman Empire is assumed to have exercised its male hegemony over the female specifically in the family, which surfaces as an essential place to search for definitions of individual identities and gender relations. Gi le, in her examination of the relationships between modernism, religion and gender relations, specifically in Turkey, focuses on the notion of women as agents and symbols of the civilizing project of the reformists in the society. The Western culture Essay Example For Students The Western culture Essay Western-oriented modernism has greatly affected the formation of individual identities and gender relations around the world. This paper will focus on the construction of identity, gender and gender relations within the discourse of Westernization and modernization during the late-Ottoman Empire and early Republican Turkey. It attempts to show how social, political, and cultural institutions shape citizen identity and how redefinitions of them affect identity, gender, and gender roles in society. Examining the Pertev Bey series of three novels by Mi nevver Ayai lias primary source and some other various cultural and historical texts of the late-Ottoman and early Republican period in Turkey, this paper aims to search for the terms under which new forms of femininity and masculinity were constructed, especially within the private space of the family and in public debates, during the early twentieth century, which in turn changed gender relations to a great extent. The Western dominated concept of modernization has played an important role in the relationship of the West with non-Western countries. We will write a custom essay on The Western culture specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now The transformation of non-Western countries in response to the requirements set by the criteria and standards of the West has resulted in a variety of social, political, economical and cultural changes. Modernization has placed the responsibility on the non-West to aspire to the ideals of this movement in order to be considered as part of the network of the progressing countries. The effects of modernization have been influential on the formation of personal and social identities. The construction of gender relations as a result of a myriad of debates on individual identities has been an important area for examining the social and cultural consequences of modernism, which have greatly shaped human interactions into multiple directions. 2 During the early nineteenth century, the Ottoman Empire struggled to accommodate its heritage consisting of political, social and cultural structures, institutions and values to the influences of the expanding Western colonial culture. Due to the disintegration within the Empire, resulting to a great extent from the wars and the influence of nationalism in the nineteenth century, the Ottoman society had to find ways to unify the society in the face of the loss of lands and power. One of the solutions for the Empire appeared to be Westernization among several other trends such as pan Islamism and Ottomanism. The acceptance of Westernization shaped many aspects of Ottoman life, especially individual identities and gender relations. The beginnings of Westernization are generally associated with the Tanzimat Fermani (Imperial Decree) of 1839 issued during the reign of Abdi lmecid. The word Tanzimat means regulations, and is used to refer to the period between 1839 and 1878 during which a considerable number of Western-inspired political and social reforms were carried out in the Ottoman Empire with the aim of solving the disintegration of the Empire. Despite the fact that the Tanzimat Fermani does not explicitly mention anything about family, women and womens education, there have been arguments that it has indirectly caused changes in the family and in the status of women. Rules for the behaviour of women in the public domain, new regulations on the institution of marriage, the emphasis on education for the improvement of marriages, the equation of family and women with the whole society resulted in changes in the positions and life conditions of women. Therefore, it is significant to study the Tanzimat period in order to examine the question of what types of female and male identities were discussed by both sexes within the framework of Westernization and modernism moving gender relations in different directions. 3 Both the period of Tanzimat and later of the Turkish Republic, which was founded in 1923 abolishing the political system of the Empire, are significant in the study of Westernization in Turkey. The approach of the Ottoman and the Republican towards Westernization have differences as well as similarities and both periods in Turkish history have contributed to the construction of individual and national identities, thus it is significant to study both of them to understand the various historical forces that have affected the formation of individual identities and gender relations. Based on this premise, this research paper uses the term Ottoman and Republican to refer to the two different periods and their changes in Turkish history and thus, to examine the effects of Westernization on the issue of identity in Turkey. Method and Sources The available sources prove the existence of avenues for the Ottoman subject to respond to new forms of self-expression, thus to voice individual concerns and questions about the imposition of new definitions on the self. Literature was one tool that the intellectuals of the Tanzimat and later periods used in order to convey different approaches towards the effects of Westernization on the formation of individual identities. The characters and plots of novels would, in a didactic way, try to show the reader the appropriate boundaries of Westernization. This research paper will analyze the Pertev Bey series by Mi nevver Ayai li , as primary sources, written in the 1960s about the disintegration of an Ottoman family during the early twentieth century. It will try to provide evidence for social and cultural changes referred to in the novel by examining studies done on various secondary sources, such as: historical narrative accounts, newspaper articles, images, advertisements, and books about the social, political and cultural reforms of the late nineteenth and early twentieth century. The premise, on which the research is based, is that it is almost inevitable for any non- Western country to be affected by the hegemony of the Western civilization, which has resulted 4 in many cases of complex interactions with the West. .u695a3c94d2c720a4a114685c604dd4ba , .u695a3c94d2c720a4a114685c604dd4ba .postImageUrl , .u695a3c94d2c720a4a114685c604dd4ba .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u695a3c94d2c720a4a114685c604dd4ba , .u695a3c94d2c720a4a114685c604dd4ba:hover , .u695a3c94d2c720a4a114685c604dd4ba:visited , .u695a3c94d2c720a4a114685c604dd4ba:active { border:0!important; } .u695a3c94d2c720a4a114685c604dd4ba .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u695a3c94d2c720a4a114685c604dd4ba { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u695a3c94d2c720a4a114685c604dd4ba:active , .u695a3c94d2c720a4a114685c604dd4ba:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u695a3c94d2c720a4a114685c604dd4ba .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u695a3c94d2c720a4a114685c604dd4ba .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u695a3c94d2c720a4a114685c604dd4ba .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u695a3c94d2c720a4a114685c604dd4ba .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u695a3c94d2c720a4a114685c604dd4ba:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u695a3c94d2c720a4a114685c604dd4ba .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u695a3c94d2c720a4a114685c604dd4ba .u695a3c94d2c720a4a114685c604dd4ba-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u695a3c94d2c720a4a114685c604dd4ba:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The Road Not Taken - an analyis EssayThe content of texts and arguments will be interpreted within the analytical framework provided by the secondary sources in terms of the historical context of the period in which the arguments took place. Using mainly content analysis, this paper will examine social, cultural and political terms in texts for Ottoman subjecthood, citizenship, religious and national identities and for the definition and proposed characteristics of the acceptable and approved modern female and male individuals. Content analysis can help examine the deep underlying meanings and implications behind the verbal arguments in cultural texts. Paying attention to the intentions, tones, and word usage of the writers of these texts, this research will try to get at the individual attitudes, which can vary from cynical, paradoxical, and iron to appreciative, approving and celebratory, when confronted with the question of what type of female and male characteristics should be formed within the framework modernization and Westernization. The case of Turkey might be considered as a good example of the rhetorical domination of Westernization. However, it may limit the ability to make a general argument, as the heterogeneous nature of the Middle East, and of the non-West in general, would interfere with the notion of one specific way of dealing with Western influence. The variety of cultures within the region would challenge a stereotypical perspective on how each country has dealt with the influence of the West. The internal dynamics of each community may interfere with a general conclusion drawn from the study on Turkey about how each society has responded to the challenges faced in the encounter with the Western culture. This study is meant to be an examination of a particular and unique case. Some of the themes that are necessary in dealing with this topic are gendered politics, womens agency, patriarchal feminism, modernism and the family as the indigenous domain of social control. 5 Gendered Politics and Womens Agency Examining the formation of gender relations, this paper assumes the significance of studying both genders simultaneously as they are seen as contributing to each others formation through a dialectical relationship. Many arguments have been made about the neglect of the study on female experiences in understanding history. However, one must be careful not to equate the concept of gender with only female concerns, as it requires the male counterpart in its understanding. Among the thinkers using the term gendered politics, the importance of studying the agency of women in the formation of international politics and history has been acknowledged. Enloe in her book Bananas, Beaches and Bases, writing on international politics and feminism, criticizes patriarchal nationalism and gendered politics, which in her opinion prevent a full appreciation of history as they neglect the active participation of women in these fields. Patriarchal nationalism has perpetuated the inequalities in power relationships between sexes by viewing the female as the inferior subject that needs to accommodate to the wishes of the male elite. Thus, it has highly influenced the discourse on womens roles in the construction of a nation. Scotts poststructuralist approach to the study on the meaning of gender, in Gender and the Politics of History, bases its argument on the fact that gender is historically constructed, legitimated, challenged and maintained. The deconstruction of meaning by referring to oppositions, negations, hierarchical dependencies, exclusions and inclusions is, in Scotts opinion, significant when analyzing the unstable flowing word of gender. The term is manipulated by various forces that constantly interact to reshape its meaning. Therefore, it is essential, in studying the changes regarding gender during the late-Ottoman Empire, to situate it into the historical context including various social, cultural and political changes that might have 6 had different impacts on the creation of new definitions. The Tanzimat period, with its reforms and social trends and understandings, appears to be among those forces that reshaped gender, social and individual identities and relations. Frierson, in her analysis of the popular press during the reign of Abdi lhamid II, argues for the need to investigate the concept of gender with special focus on the agency of women in the process of modernization during the Hamidian era. She rightly thinks that his reign serves as an important source for the understanding of how later the proponents of Kemalism 1were able to mobilize women into the public sphere. The study of gender is essential, in her opinion, to grasp the process of state building, which is similar to the discourse by Enloe and Scott about the agency of women throughout history. Frierson analyzes the function of the popular press in educating the public about the reforms for Westernization and in providing ways, especially for women, to respond to the changes on individual identities. Literate women responded to the questions about the new identities imposed upon themselves under the impact of the modernizing language of Hamidian reforms. .u6c32687aef8ce87557a3a6aeede29dd4 , .u6c32687aef8ce87557a3a6aeede29dd4 .postImageUrl , .u6c32687aef8ce87557a3a6aeede29dd4 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u6c32687aef8ce87557a3a6aeede29dd4 , .u6c32687aef8ce87557a3a6aeede29dd4:hover , .u6c32687aef8ce87557a3a6aeede29dd4:visited , .u6c32687aef8ce87557a3a6aeede29dd4:active { border:0!important; } .u6c32687aef8ce87557a3a6aeede29dd4 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u6c32687aef8ce87557a3a6aeede29dd4 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u6c32687aef8ce87557a3a6aeede29dd4:active , .u6c32687aef8ce87557a3a6aeede29dd4:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u6c32687aef8ce87557a3a6aeede29dd4 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u6c32687aef8ce87557a3a6aeede29dd4 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u6c32687aef8ce87557a3a6aeede29dd4 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u6c32687aef8ce87557a3a6aeede29dd4 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u6c32687aef8ce87557a3a6aeede29dd4:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u6c32687aef8ce87557a3a6aeede29dd4 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u6c32687aef8ce87557a3a6aeede29dd4 .u6c32687aef8ce87557a3a6aeede29dd4-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u6c32687aef8ce87557a3a6aeede29dd4:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Losing Creativity Growing Up EssayThus, their contribution to the historical changes of their societies needs to be analyzed as part of a study on the formation of gender relations affected by the consequences of a modernist discourse. Zilfi, in her work on Ottoman women of an earlier period, also argues that it is essential to focus on womens issues in the Ottoman Empire in order to see the broader picture on the Islamic past of women, which, in her opinion, has mainly consisted of pre-Ottoman past or Arabic sources in historical works. The book she edited consists of different articles that try to answer the question of womens active participation in the construction of their own social boundaries. Various studies on women and law, economy, vaki f (charity foundations) and marriage attempt to form a new framework to analyze womens experiences. Zilfi says; We argue that the elements of legal, physical and communal space converge to construct the 7 boundaries of Ottoman womens experiences (48) and continues; We replace the public/private dichotomy that has long dominated analysis of gender within the context of the Middle East with a new conception of womens experience. The new concept focuses on womans agency and traces her actions and interactions throughout all aspects of society, from everyday practices to material interests, from social rituals to symbolic expressions. (49) Zilfi appears to be on the same road with Enloe, Scott, and Frierson by tapping into the women question, acknowledging womens important role in the historical changes of their communities. Judith Tucker argues for recognition of the diversity in the Middle East, which in her opinion, requires scholars to form different criteria for studying gender in different contexts. She says that the variety of interpretations of Islam in the Middle East provide an example of the difficulty of generalizing or categorizing the Middle East and gender experiences in this region. The boundaries drawn and redrawn by historical, social, and contextual circumstances limit the ability to form generalizations about different cultures often considered to be in the same geographical region of the world. As the ideas Frierson, Enloe, Scott, Peteet, Tucker and Zilfi point out, for the purpose of this research paper, it is significant to start with the assumption that womens agency is significant in the construction of history. Digging into womens experiences of the modernization process, influenced to a great extent by both in the patriarchal society of the Ottomans and the patriarchal tendencies in the West, would enhance the understanding of the changes during the late nineteenth and early twentieth century Turkey. Family and Patriarchal Feminism The Ottoman Empire, despite the fact that it was not colonized, can be considered having experienced a type of colonialism when it took the West as a model in certain respects for the purpose of solving the disintegration in the Empire during the late nineteenth century. Within this perspective, nationalism and colonialism become useful terms to talk about the relationship 8 between the West and the Ottoman Empire. Chatterjee, in his work The Nation and its Fragments, uses the term anti-colonial nationalism, which creates its own domain of sovereignity within colonial society well before it begins its political battle with imperial power. It does this by dividing the world of social institutions and practices into two domains-the material and the spiritual. (6) Nationalism declares the spiritual as its sovereign domain where it launches the fashioning of a modern, national culture. Family, usually defined as the sphere of the female, is one of the sites of spiritual domain where the nation has the power to prevent interference from outside forces. (Peteet) In the face of colonialism, culture has been the driving motivation behind assertion of self-identities. Cultural authenticity (Peteet) has served as a unifier in the process of fragmentation caused by the encounter with a new civilization. Women have been equated with the primary agents who would establish, maintain, strengthen, and transmit the indigenous authentic cultures. (Peteet) Therefore, it has been generally considered that male rulers and thinkers of societies have assigned several roles to women for the enhancement of the interests of the nation as a whole. With its patriarchal social structure, the Ottoman Empire is assumed to have exercised its male hegemony over the female specifically in the family, which surfaces as an essential place to search for definitions of individual identities and gender relations. Gi le, in her examination of the relationships between modernism, religion and gender relations, specifically in Turkey, focuses on the notion of women as agents and symbols of the civilizing project of the reformists in the society.

Unit Conversion Example Problem - Pounds to Kilograms

Unit Conversion Example Problem - Pounds to Kilograms Pounds (lb) and kilograms (kg) are two important units of mass and weight. The units are used for body weight, produce weight, and many other measurements. This worked example problem demonstrates how to convert pounds to kilograms and kilograms to pounds. Pounds to Kilograms Problem A man weighs 176 lbs. What is his weight in kilograms? Start with the conversion factor between pounds and kilograms. 1 kg 2.2 lbs Write this in the form of an equation to solve for kilograms: weight in kg weight in lb x (1 kg / 2.2 lb) The pounds cancel out, leaving kilograms. In essence this means all you have to do to get a kilogram weight in pounds is divide by 2.2:x kg 176 lbs x 1 kg/2.2 lbsx kg 80 kg The 176 lb. man weighs 80 kg. Kilograms to Pounds Conversion Its easy to work the conversion the other way, too. If given a value in kilograms, all you need to do is multiply it by 2.2 to get the answer in pounds. For example, if a melon weighs 0.25 kilograms, its weight in pounds is 0.25 x 2.2 0.55 lbs. Check Your Work To get a ballpark conversion between pounds and kilograms, remember there are about 2 pounds in a 1 kilogram, or the number is twice as much. The other way to look at it is to remember there are about half as many kilograms in a pound.

One page reflection -Holland's Code Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

One page reflection -Holland's Code - Article Example The Realistic element calls for physical involvement in one’s career or vocation, an aspect that makes it vital for the counselor to inform the client about the most important attributes of being Realistic or Doer. The idea is to call the client’s attention to the fact that Doers are practical and independent, and they do well in manually demanding careers. At a personal level, Holland’s Code is undoubtedly relevant and informative. Holland’s guide will go a long way in helping me evaluate my personality and subsequently match my personality type with my career goals and objectives. At the same time, this guide will play a key role in enhancing my personal understanding of job diversity, as well as opportunities that are best for me in the job market. In the process, I hope to improve my academic and career growth and development for a successful future. Ultimately, my future success will capitalize on my personality

Coursework on Budgets Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

On Budgets - Coursework Example Budgets are prepared in definite procedural definitions. They can be prepared for the business as a whole; they may fall under designated departments. Budgets can also be prepared for functions of the organization such as sales, production or even for the asset utilization of the organization (Hammonds, 2006). A budget can as well be prepared for the resources of the company such as financial resources and even other resource items of the organization such as cash, capital expenses, relevant purchases of the firm and not excluding labor. Work force is the most vital for any firm to run since it is that which supports production and without production there can be nothing much to brag about involvement in business (Label, 2010). Why budget? A budget is not just a tool that can be used for any mere business operations. They are not mere calculations that are simply drawn, calculated and findings just presented. They are elaborate plans hence involves a construction of a plan that is ge ared for use for a quite a longer duration and hence a tool for financial management (Gowthorpe, 2005). A business that operates without a budget is as good as dead since it is likely to experience management difficulties in the organization. Therefore, the main objective of a budget is to help in aiding an organization set objectives or targets to be achieved in specific period in time or time span. After targets are set, they are the guidelines of the business operations. They are the driving force for the business. This is as a result that the business will make all the necessary efforts to ensure that they either fully o r partly achieve these targets (Donovan, 2005). A case in study is where a firm decides that it intends to sell 100000 units of a product in a certain definite financial period for example a year, the firm will obviously make all the necessary arrangements to ensure that the firm will achieve the set target. The arrangements may entail even putting forth a elabo rate and efficient production plan which will ensure constant supply for the sales target. It is true the management will make all the necessary efforts to ensure this objective is arrived at. If the budget is achieved or partly satisfied i.e. about 80% and above. It means that only about 80000 units of sale are made creating room for the analysis of the variation. Then it gives the management a chance to investigate the reasons that this has occurred. In the event that the reasons are identified viable ways of overcoming the causes is exploited to make sure that the problem is eradicated or reduced. This alone is a minimization of the risk of loss of any business. The preparation of a budget is therefore important in the maximization of the profits of the business (Label, 2010). Budgeting principles A proactive and effective budget normally has four basic principles that guide their establishment. These principles entail the following:- One must be conservative in making a budget. Assuming that you were to make budgets far much outside what does not take place. The budget may not be operational on such grounds. Therefore a budget should not be prepared and expecting that the outcome be the same as budgeted. There always has to be a deviation from the normal due to the difference in environments of operation including time line. Another principle is

Effects Pine Beetles Have on the Forests

Effects Pine Beetles Have on the Forests Climate change and the effects pine beetles have on the forests. Introduction The ever growing effects of natural and man-made climate change are having a wide-spread effect on many mixed and coniferous forest ecosystems. Particularly as average annual temperatures increase, the habitat for the mountain pine beetle, Dendroctonus ponderosa, has expanded, because the beetle is able to occupy new habitats at higher elevations, which were previously too cold for it. The mountain pine beetle habitat extends from Mexico through the Western United States and up to Canada. The damage caused to cone-bearing trees by the mountain pine beetle is threatening the strength of the North American mixed and coniferous ecosystems at every trophic level, as well as affecting the mountain forest carbon cycle and watershed hydrology. This damage has combined with the effects of human logging practices in the coniferous forest to drastically alter these ecosystems. Though these areas have been severely degraded, there are solutions that can slow or reverse the damage that has alrea dy been done. Background Human-caused climate change is having a pronounced effect on many different ecosystems. One of these effects is the spread of mountain pine beetles through the forests of the Western United States and Canada. Mountain pine beetles inhabit many species of coniferous trees such as jack pine, whitebark, lodgepole, Scotch, ponderosa, and limber pines. Pine beetles typically attack and inhabit trees at lower elevations, but the effects of climate change have allowed them to inhabit ever higher elevations. With mild winters and warmer summers, the pine beetles have been able to infest mature pine trees that could resist the beetles before the change in average temperature (Carroll et al. 2003). There were many pine beetle outbreaks in Canada and the U.S. Rockies since the 1940’s but they are considered mild compared to the more recent outbreaks. The earlier outbreaks were partly contained by human intervention and were ultimately ended by severe winter conditions, the natural regula tor of pine beetle populations. As climate change undermines this natural regulation system, the current infestations are much larger in scope and much harder to contain through human intervention (Ono. 2003). Mountain pine beetles spend their life cycle in four stages: egg, larva, pupa, and adult. In the summer the adults migrate and infest new trees. During the stages of their life they live under the tree bark where they feed and lay their eggs (Carroll et al. 2003). The mountain pine beetles’ life cycle and survival rate is regulated by the temperature of their habitat. Temperature at a particular time of year helps regulate the life cycle stage of the beetles, determining in part when eggs are laid, when the pupas become adults, when they migrate, and ultimately when the beetles die. A rapid decrease in temperature can kill an entire population of beetles. Other factors for survival include the dryness of the tree and the amount of snow insulation, but mainly the change (drop) in temperature is what keeps beetle populations in control (Creeden et al. 2013). Effects on the Ecosystem Changing climate and weather conditions in the higher elevations and their forest ecosystems are expanding the survivable habitat for the mountain pine beetle. The climate change occurring in these areas is weakening the overall strength of mixed and coniferous forest ecosystems. Hotter summers with less rainfall have caused many tree species to lose their natural defenses. Drought conditions have long been an indicator of previous outbreaks and are now a predictor of new pine beetle outbreaks. In turn, extended drought can also have a negative effect on the pine beetles if the drought lasts too long and the number of available hosts drops. Rising temperatures creates tree loss from drought and fires that hinders pine beetle migration (Creeden et al. 2013). At the same time, climate change exposes beetle infested conifers to a greater risk of fire and drought, reduces their resistance to both, and threatens both the beetles and the trees. Climate change is not only affecting the pine beetles, but species at every trophic level. One of the biggest food sources in the forest is new tree growth and seeds from mature trees. With changing climate conditions trees are not able to reproduce at the pre-climate-change rates. This is especially true in drought areas where the mountain pine beetle has infested the trees. The pine beetles weaken and destroy trees and reduce the rate of seed production and new tree growth, which affects small mammals such as squirrels that rely on the seeds pines produce. Decreasing food supply for smaller animals affects the population size of these species, which in turn affects their larger predators on higher trophic levels (Bartos et al. 1990). Climate change and the spread of pine beetle habitat are having such large effects on mountain ecosystems that it can change the diversity of species in the forests. The mountain pine beetle is no longer just an important species in the forest ecosystems they normally in habitat, they have becom e an important indicator species for ecological problems areas they normally do not inhabit. The expansion of their habitat demonstrates that climate change is having an effect on the entire ecosystem. Moreover, climate change is having an immediate effect on biodiversity and the ecosystem of conifer forests, which is increasing and accelerating (Logan et al. 2003). This is why it is important to keep track of the health of the ecosystem and make quick decisions when detrimental changes are observed. Effects on the Carbon Cycle Climate change and pine beetle outbreaks are also having an adverse effect on the carbon feedback cycle. Currently in British Columbia, Canada the outbreak of mountain pine beetles is so large that Canadian conifer forests have turned from carbon sinks to sources of carbon. Because of the combined effects of mountain pine beetle infestation, logging, and forest fires, large sections of forest are being damaged, which increases the amount of carbon dioxide. It is estimated that 435 million trees have been lost to the combined effects of climate change. This is having a big economic effect on the timber industry. The industry has responded by increasing the rate of harvesting and moving into areas that have not previously been logged. (Kurz et al. 2008). In these area loggers are stripping the biomass of the forest and turning it into, among other things, wood pellets as an energy source for Europe. Combining the damage from the mountain pine beetles, increased forest fires, drought, a nd all the commercial uses, these forests will release more carbon dioxide than they absorbs. This will increase both the causes and effects of climate change and worsen the situation years from now (Lamers et al. 2014). Kurtz modeled the effects of the mountain pine beetle in a test area of 374,000 km ² during the years 2000 to 2020. The study estimated that 270 megatons of carbon would be released during the pine beetle outbreaks in the test area. The model showed that if an area was untouched by pine beetle infestation but had moderate timber harvesting and fires, then the test area was a slight carbon sink; in the control scenario the area averaged 1 to 5 megatons of carbon release per year between 2007 and 2020. Two test scenarios were modeled, one in which the forest was infested with mountain pine beetles and one that included both infestation and additional timber harvesting. The scenario with mountain pine beetle infestation and normal harvesting showed the forest to be a net carbon source ranging from 10 to 20 megatons of carbon per year during 2007-2020. The scenario with the section of forest infested with mountain pine beetles and having additional harvesting due to timber damage showed that the forest was a net source ranging from 10 to 25 megatons of carbon per year for the years 2007 to 2020 (Kurz et al. 2008). This model shows that in the forests of British Columbia mountain pine beetle infestation combines with natural disasters and timber harvesting to help drive climate change (See fig 1). Effects on Watershed Hydrology Increased destruction of forests by the mountain pine beetle is causing a large effect on the hydrology of pines forests and the watershed. The increase in dead trees is having an effect on evapotranspiration as less of the sunlight evaporates water from live trees and instead heats the surrounding surface, raising local temperatures. This is turn is causing a change in hydrology locally and in areas downstream. The damage to the trees is also having an effect on the water quality and the biochemistry of the area (Mikkelson et al. 2013). The snow packs are also being affected; there has been an increase in canopy transmittance and a decrease in the amount of snow that is stored in the canopy. As more trees die solar radiation has been able to penetrate farther causing an increase in evaporation and a change in albedo (Winkler et al. 2012). Once an area of forest is affected, it takes several years for the changes in the canopy cover to effect a complete change. It takes an average of two to three years for the needles of the pine trees to change from green to red. During this time only a small portion of the canopy cover is lost and results in only a small change in interception. A few years after the needles turn red is when the trees turns gray and the majority of the needles are lost to the forest floor. During this stage pine needles and branches fall to the forest floor and eventually the entire tree falls and decays. This increases the amount of nutrients in the soil such as carbon, phosphorus, and nitrogen, which leads to nitrification of the water supply (Mikkelson et al. 2013). These changes alone will cause noticeable changes in the quantity and quality of the water. Adding more numerous forest fires and increased timber harvesting can have a drastic effect on the local watershed (See Fig. 2). Rita Winkler and her colleagues studied the effects of snow accumulation, forest structure, and snow surface albedo in the Rocky Mountains after a mountain pine beetle infestation. Over a seven-year period they studied these effects in areas that were clear cut, mixed, or young pine forests. Their study showed that areas that were primarily infested young pines completely lost their canopy within six years. Due to the loss of their canopy the snow accumulation decreased while transmittance and snow surface albedo increased when trees turned from green to gray. The study found that as trees turned from green to gray the rate of snow water melt increased. In areas that had mixed species of trees the effects were not as drastic as the areas with only young pines. The primary reason that snow accumulation and surface snow albedo were not as affected was due to a large diversity of tree species. In these areas there was also a more developed understory that reduced the effects seen in areas that were primarily young pine. Moreover, while the effects increased from mixed species areas to young pine areas, the affects in neither area compared to the far greater affects in areas that were clear cut (Winkler et al. 2012). It is easy to see from this study that the type of forest, level of beetle infestation, and timber harvesting practices will have a significant or large effect on the water cycle and the hydrology of the surrounding watershed. In the Rocky Mountains this can have a particularly extreme effect on the quality and quantity of river flow in this region since the Colorado River is supplied largely by snow melt. If this trend continues, the amount of water coming out of the Colorado River will decrease, which could lead to increased water shortages in the Southwest. Managing Mountain Pine Beetle Outbreaks As the population and habitat of the mountain pine beetle continues to expand several types of management practices have been tried. Currently Western Canada is experiencing one of the largest expansions of mountain pine beetles, with estimates that over 13 million hectares of conifer and mixed forest have been affected. There are two main methods to manage pine beetle outbreaks, or at least slow their expansion. The indirect control is a preventative method that tries to limit host trees through prescribed burning and forest thinning. The direct method tries to limit the population and growth rate of the beetle by destroying infected trees before the beetles emerge to migrate and attack new hosts (Wulder et al. 2009). There have also been studies done using chemicals on non-infected trees to try and limit the expansion of beetles to these areas. While this type of managing technique is effective, it is too costly to use on a large area of affected trees (Fettig et al. 2007). Coggins and his colleagues completed a study in Western Canada to test which management practices were the most effective. In their study, they used two different areas and selected 28 sites with each plot of trees having a radius of 30 meters. Each plot was selected due to the age of the trees, elevation, and the severity of beetle infestation. They broke their plots into two groups. Eighteen of the plots were not managed while management practices were implemented on the other ten plots. For the ten plots that were selected for mitigation they used tree removal techniques to remove the infected trees before beetle migration. In their study, they calculated that at the beginning of their study, the average expansion rate was 0.29 for non-managed plots and 0.12 for managed plots. Over a ten-year period they showed that the plots of unmanaged areas grew exponentially. While during this same period the managed plots went to zero infected trees after ten years with a 43% detection rate. The s tudy found that the time to reach zero infected trees would be shorter if the detection rate was increased (Coggins et al. 2010). It can be concluded that managing practices will have an effect on the migration of the mountain pine beetle. The main problem with controlling their migration is detecting infected green trees. The problem is that they cannot be detected from the sky, so people have to actively go into the field to detect them. This causes a problem because some areas are inaccessible for a variety of reasons. Even with all of the problems associated with managing the mountain pine beetle, it is vital for the forest ecosystems of North America that these practices continue. Conclusion While the mountain pine beetles will continue to expand and inhabit new areas management practices need to be put into place. The main cause of the mountain pine beetle expansion is primarily due to climate change, particularly drier, hotter summers and shorter, warmer, drier winters. These insects in turn are also contributing to climate change. As their habitat expands, they are turning forests that were once net carbon sinks into net carbon sources. When infected trees die and decay, they release carbon dioxide and increase the amount of phosphorus and nitrogen in the ground. The damage the beetle is causing to forests is also changing the watershed in negative ways. Both the quality and quantity of water is being degraded, which affects the health of the ecosystem. All of these changes combined are having an extreme effect on the ecosystem and negatively affecting every species in it. At every trophic level there is some kind of effect as the mountain pine beetle expands and dest roys the forests. More studies must be done to help mitigate mountain pine beetle expansion and more money needs to be invested in managing them. As a society we will take a major economic hit if the timber we need is destroyed by the mountain pine beetle. Also, if their expansion continues in the Rocky Mountains and damages the watershed there, it could affect a large portion of the drinking water for the Western United States. We need to manage the mountain pine beetle as we reduce carbon dioxide emissions to curb the effects of global warming. Figure 1 Figure 2 Works Cited Bartos, D. L. and K. E. Gibson. Insects of whitebark pine with emphasis on mountain pine beetle. UT 84321. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Montana, United States. Carroll, A. L., S. W. Taylor, J. Regniere and L. Safranyik. Effects of climate change on range expansion by the mountain pine beetle in British Columbia. BC-V8Z-1M5. Canadian Forest Service, Pacific Forestry Centre, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada. Coggins, S. B., N. C. Coops, M. A. Wulder and C.W. Bater. 2011. Comparing the impacts of mitigation and non-mitigation on mountain pine beetle populations. Journal of environmental management 92: 112-120. Creeden, E. P., J. A. Hicke and P. C. Buotte. 2013. Climate, weather, and recent mountain pine beetle outbreaks in the western United States. Forest Ecology and Management 312: 239-251. Fettig, C. J., K. D. Klepzig, R. F. Billings, A. S. Munson, T. E. Nebeker, J. F. Negron and J. T. Nowak. 2007. The effectiveness of vegetation management practices for prevention and control of bark beetle infestations in coniferous forests of the western and southern United States. Forest ecology and management 238: 24-53. Lamers, P., M. Junginger, C. C. Dymond and A. Faaij. 2014. Damaged forest provide an opportunity to mitigate climate change. Bioenegy 6: 44-60. Logan, J. A., J. Regniere and J. A. Powell. 2003. Assessing the impacts of global warming on forest pest dynamics. Frontiers in ecology and the environment 1: 130-137. Mikkelson, K. M., L. A. Bearup, R. M. Maxwell, J. D. Stednick, J. E. McCray and J. O. Sharp. 2013. Bark beetle infestation impacts on nutrient cycling, water quality and interdependent hydrological effects. Biogeochemistry 115: 1-21. Ono Hideji. 2003. The mountain pine beetle: Scope of the problem and key issues in Alberta. BC-X-399. Canadian Forest Service, Pacific Forestry Centre, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada. Kurz, W. A., C. C. Dymond, G. Stinson, G. J. Rampley, E. T. Neilson, A. L. Carroll, T. Ebata and L. Safranyik. 2008. Mountain pine beetle and forest carbon feedback to climate change. Nature 452: 987-990. Winkler, R., S. Boon, B. Zimonick and D. Spittlehouse. 2009. Snow accumulation and ablation response to changes in forest structure and snow surface albedo after attack by mountain pine beetle. Hydrological Processes 28: 197-209. Wulder, M. A., S. M. Ortlepp, J. C. White, N. C. Coops and S. B. Coggins. 2009. Monitoring the impacts of mountain pine beetle mitigation. Forest ecology and management 258: 1181-1187.

Essay on Eating Disorder - Bulimia, the Destruction of Self :: Exploratory Essays Research Papers

Bulimia - The Destruction of Self Bulimia nervosa, more commonly known simply as bulimia or binge and purge disorder, is an eating disorder that affects 1 in 4 college-aged women in America, or 1 in 10,000 Americans. The most common misconception concerning bulimia is that it is simply a physical or mental problem. Many people do not understand that bulimia is a disease that affects both the mind and the body, and in its course can destroy both aspects of the diseased individual. Bulimia affects a variety of different people, but generally the victims will fall tend to fall into certain categories. Those at highest vulnerability to this disease are young adult females, ages 12 to 18. The disease, however, can start as early as elementary school, or much later in life. Others (such as athletes competing in sports such as ballet, gymnastics, ice-skating, diving, etc.) may also be pressured into starting bulimic habits. Males who perform in athletics such as wrestling and dance are at high risk for developing the disease as well. Victims of bulimia can often be linked to being victims of verbal, physical, and/or sexual abuse, though not all are. Bulimia may also contain ties to diseases such as clinical or manic depression. Bulimics often start out with anorexa (starvation and excessive exercising), or may turn to anorexia after being bulimic. Bulimia is marked by significant cycles in eating habits. Bulimics will often starve themselves (calorie/food/fat intake restriction -- sometimes with the help of diet pills or supplements) for extended periods of time prior to a massive binge, during which they consume abnormal amounts of food in a short period of time. These binges are followed by purging, which generally is constituted by self-induced vomiting. Other methods of purging the body include the use of diuretics, laxatives, and excessive exercising. Bulimics are generally within what is considered to be a "normal" weight range, but see themselves as being overly fat, or suffer from an intense fear of gaining weight. They often do realize that they have a problem, but by that point the cycle has become an obsession. Bulimics usually weigh themselves frequently, even several times daily.

Assess the Supernatural in Macbeth Essay

Shakespeare wrote his plays during the Elizabethan time, a time of change and discovery, which was called the Renaissance. Changes in religion, politics, science, language, and the arts made the population excited and think about and believe in things differently. One subject many people had different beliefs about was the belief of the supernatural. Many women were accused of witchcraft; they would be burnt at the stake or thrown into a river to drown. Shakespeare uses witches in Macbeth to scare the audience. This is shown in the first scene, Act 1 Scene 1. In the first scene, without anyone saying a word, Shakespeare manages to scare the audience. He does this by having thunder and lightning coming from behind the stage. Not only does this scare the audience, which they wanted to happen, they came to get scared, but it sets the mood. The come across as grey, gloomy and dark which again frightens the audience. When the first witch speaks she asks the others: When shall we three meet again, In thunder, lightning or in rain? This tells us two things: 1. They have met before and 2. They seem to be able to control the weather. Controlling the weather is important because this means whenever there is thunder lightning or rain the witches will most likely be there. This also means that they can set the mood for the audience. The withes then go on to predict the future saying: Where the Place? Upon the heath. There to meet with Macbeth. This shows us that the witches know that Macbeth will win because he must be alive to meet with them, plus they know where and when the battle finishes. In the last line all of the witches say: Fair is foul, and foul is fair: Hover through the fog and filthy air. All this means is that the witches plan to create chaos amongst Macbeth, to make him confused weary and doubtful. The next time the witches appear is in Act 1 Scene 3. In this scene the second witch has been travelling â€Å"killing swine† as she puts it and she describes her travels as: A sailor’s wife had chestnuts in her lap †¦ †¦Look what I have. This tells us that the witches hold grudges against other people causing their evil to become worse if you do not do as they say. It also re-inforces the mood from scene 1, the fact that they can change the weather and that they have supernatural powers. Whilst the witch is describing what she has been doing, there is constant thunder and lightning happening around them which also re-inforces the mood again from scene 1. Later on in the scene Macbeth meets up with witches along with Banquo. The witches tell him: All hail, Macbeth! Hail to thee, Thane of Glamis! All hail, Macbeth! Hail to thee, Thane of Cawdor! All hail, Macbeth! That shalt be king hereafter. Macbeth seems stunned to this while Banquo asks him: Good sir, why do you start, and seem to fear Things that do sound so fair? For a while Macbeth says nothing, looking stunned shocked and confused at what the witches have just told him. Banquo asks whether they are real or not but gets a reply like Macbeths. He is told that he’ll be lesser than Macbeth but greater, not so happy but much happier and that he will have kings in his family. Banquo says nothing to this as if he didn’t hear it, and just continues speaking to Macbeth. Macbeth questions what the witches have just told him, he is confused at what they have told him because the Thane of Cawdor and the King are both still alive. He tries to work it out but then gets demanding saying: Speak, I charge you. To this the witches vanish leaving a shocked and confused Macbeth and Banquo, still looking like he’s heard nothing. So now Macbeth is feeling anxious and worried of what they have told him and this is all to emphasise the fear that has been incorporated with the witches since the beginning of the play. He has all these feelings building up inside of him until he gets told that the Thane of Cawdor betrayed his armies and joined the Norwegians, to which he gets executed and passes the thane to Macbeth. All of his feelings are now turning into excitement because what he was told by the witches is becoming true. He starts thinking to himself: Glamis, and Thane of Cawdor: The worst is behind. That the worst is behind him and he might as well continue now he’s got so far. He starts to think about killing the king despite Banquo telling him: That, trusted home, Might yet enkindle you unto the crown†¦ †¦In deepest consequence. He images killing the king and what it would get him, but it’s only an idea at the moment, and it starts to disturb his body so much that trying to imagine it makes him unable to move, making nothing seem real except the fantasy of being king. It kind of scares him making his hair stand on end and heart pump against his ribs uncontrollably: This supernatural soliciting†¦ †¦Is smothered in surprise, and nothing is, But what is not. This is the effect the witches have on Macbeth during Act 1 Scene 3. The witches don’t appear for quite a while in the play but there are many other supernatural occurrences between now and then. The next one is in Act 2 Scene 1, where Macbeth sees a dagger. Probably the most famous lines in the book are in this scene when Macbeth sees a dagger on the way to kill Duncan. At first he thinks its part of his imagination: A dagger of the mind, a false creation, Proceeding from my heat-oppressed brain? His brain seeing things because of all of what he’s been through, but then he tries to grab the dagger, talking to himself he thinks its real but his hand goes right through it. He says to himself: Come let me clutch thee: – I have thee not, and yet I see thee still. Art thou not, fatal vision, sensible To feeling as to sight? He starts to mock the Image in front of him saying it was trying to guide him the way he was already going although he probably wouldn’t have don it without the dagger appearing. He then sees blood on the handle of the dagger and he questions where it came from, he reckons it’s the violence of the act making him see physical shapes in this way. Macbeth thinks that his mind is playing tricks on him making him doubtful and starts to feel guilty of what he’s done to himself just to get where he is now. The dagger vanishes at the sound of a knell, which Macbeth says will summon the king, Duncan, to heaven or to hell. After Macbeth kills Duncun, Banquo gets killed in Act 3 scene 3 and the next scene has the next supernatural happening. Banquo’s ghost appears at Macbeths Banquet Macbeth prepares a banquet for him becoming king inviting all of the Thanes, Lords and some attendants. He starts by saying how disappointed he is at Banquo’s absence from the feast and asks where he’ll sit, only to find Banquo’s ghost has taken his place: To grace us with you royal company? The tables full. Here is a place reserved, Sir. Where? Here, my good lord He says that one of the lords have played a practical joke on him. When the lords rise to leave Lady Macbeth stands and say that he is usually like this and that he’ll be well enough soon, but if they stare at him then they will only prolong the fit he’s having. She asks him whether he’s a coward or not to what Macbeth replies: Ay, and a bold one, that dare look on that Which might appal the devil He is saying that what he is looking at even the devil could not bear to see therefore making him a man. Lady Macbeth seems to thinks his actions are rubbish, saying its his fear that is causing him to imagine this and that he needs to come to and be brave. When she says this the ghost disappears leaving Macbeth to stand there distraught at what he just saw. He tries to convince Lady Macbeth that there was a ghost but all she says is that his friends are growing tired of him. When Macbeth is apologising to his Lords the ghost re-enters, Macbeth asks for a drink of wine to toast to Banquo but when he turns around the ghost is there in front of him. He shouts: Avaunt! And quit my sight! Let the earth hid thee!†¦ †¦Which thou dost glare with. In this quote he is saying that there is no life in the ghost’s eyes and he wants it to be gone. Lady Macbeth says to the Lords that it is nothing out of the ordinary, and that they shouldn’t worry, it is only spoiling the feast. Macbeth then approaches the ghost saying why did you take the form of Banquo, anything but Banquo and I would’ve been fine. But if I still live in fear and trembling then you can call a feeble creature: What man dare, I dare: †¦ †¦Unreal mockery. What he means by this is that the ghost could’ve taken form apart from Banquo’s and he wouldn’t have been scared. After this the ghost disappears and Macbeth sits down saying that he is a man again now the ghost has gone. The Lords ask him what he saw but Lady Macbeth stops them saying: Question enrages him. At once, good night. They wish their majesty good health and then depart leaving Macbeth to brood upon the uncanny ways in which murders are often revealed. He also wonders why Macduff did not appear at the feast.