Undergraduate Admissions

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Essay on Describe and Analyse the External Environment of...

The external environment is the external context within which an organisation exists and operates.1 One of the ways in which the external environment can be analysed is by assessing the impact of politics, the economy, social factors and technological factors (P.E.S.T. analysis). The organisations are affected either generally or immediately by the external environment. The immediate factors, also referred to as the operational environment, include aspects such as suppliers, financial institutions, customers and labour markets. The general features, or the contextual environment, comprise of the economic, political, legal and technological influences, for example. The political environment has an affect on businesses because†¦show more content†¦The government has to control inflation because unemployment can be caused, because firms have to reduce costs and reducing staff is an easy way to do this and effective for luxury good companies because demand will be less so theref ore they will not have to produce as much, hence not as many staff will be required. Unemployment therefore needs reducing because as ‘Phillips Curve suggests inflation is higher when unemployment is high. International trade is affected because foreign countries will receive a less favourable exchange rate and they may therefore reduce trade with UK companies, which again affects their profits. The government can use contractionary policy to reduce inflation and this reduces demand. They can increase taxation, reduce government spending or do both. By doing both they are relating to Fiscal policy and by taking in more money than they spending, for example on unemployment benefits, they reduce consumer power and therefore aggregate demand will fall. This therefore slows down the economy and makes it more stable. A recession would have the opposite effect to inflation of there being a larger supply than demand, which results in lower priced goods. For example the pound would be worth more and consumers would have a larger disposable income to spend on luxury goods and services. This would be tackled in the opposite way to inflation by the governmentShow MoreRelatedDescribe The Strategic Management Process1200 Words   |  5 PagesDescribe the strategic management process. What does it mean to manage strategically? Answer: Strategic management method is that the full set of commitments, decisions, and actions that are needed by the organization that helps the organization to attain strategic fight and earn above-average returns. the primary step of the strategic management method is to analyse the external setting and internal organization to work out its resources, capabilities, and core competencies—the sources of its â€Å"strategicRead MoreNespresso Swot1683 Words   |  7 PagesExecutive Summary INDEX NESPRESSO COMPANY INTRODUCTION Internal and External Analyses Introduction of the model The methodogy used to analyse Nespresso Business Model is ‘Business Model Generation’ by Osterwater and Pigneur 2009. The methodology uses a model named Canvas, which divides the business model into 9 segments. The concept is simple, relevant, and understandable to analyse a company. This concept has been applied and tested around the world and is already used in organizationsRead MoreSwot Nespresso1695 Words   |  7 PagesExecutive Summary INDEX NESPRESSO COMPANY INTRODUCTION Internal and External Analyses Introduction of the model The methodogy used to analyse Nespresso Business Model is ‘Business Model Generation’ by Osterwater and Pigneur 2009. The methodology uses a model named Canvas, which divides the business model into 9 segments. The concept is simple, relevant, and understandable to analyse a company. This concept has been applied and tested around the world and is already used in organizationsRead MoreGfsgsdf Hshsdfshfd Sdhgw1479 Words   |  6 PagesCambridge TECHNICALS OCR LEVEL 3 CAMBRIDGE TECHNICAL CERTIFICATE/DIPLOMA IN IT BUSINESS RESOURCES D/502/5409 LEVEL 3 UNIT 30 GUIDED LEARNING HOURS: 60 UNIT CREDIT VALUE: 10 BUSINESS RESOURCES D/502/5409 LEVEL 3 UNIT 30 PURPOSE OF THE UNIT The unit looks at how a range of resources including human, physical, technological and financial resources are used and managed within business. This unit will help the learner to have an understanding of how human resources are managed and ofRead MoreWild Water Gets Soaked Essay758 Words   |  4 PagesTHE EXTERNAL ENVIRONMENT AND ORGANIZATIONAL CULTURE USING THE â€Å"UNFOLDING CASE† CAN INDRA NOOYI KEEP THE FIZZ IN PEPSICO’S PRODUCTS? TT Teaching Tip: This is a case that lends itself to visual aids. Generate interest by walking into class and placing a bottle of Pepsi, a box of Quaker oatmeal (or an oatmeal bar), and a bag of Frito-Lay potato chips on the table at the front of the room. Then ask students what the three products have in common. Few will realize that PepsiCoRead MoreCurrent Marketing Performance1166 Words   |  5 PagesBSBMKG608A: Develop organisational marketing objectives Description This unit describes the performance outcomes, skills and knowledge required to conduct a strategic analysis to develop organisational marketing objectives. This involves reviewing the organisation s internal and external environments, evaluating past and current marketing performance, and exploring and evaluating new marketing opportunities. No licensing, legislative, regulatory or certification requirements apply to this unit atRead MoreA Research Study On Scenario Planning1567 Words   |  7 Pag esdone by developing a small number of scenarios through identifying key uncertainties in the environment which describe how the future might unfold and then mapping decision trees consistent with optimising shareholder outcomes (McKelvey, 2014). To analyse and contrast the variables a matrix can then be produced giving several scenarios with a probability attached. The factors considered from the macro-environment could either be a positive or negative impact on the organisations competitiveness. TheRead MoreBussiness Environment1585 Words   |  7 PagesAssignment brief BTEC Higher National Diploma (Business) Level 4 ACADEMIC COLLEGE OF LONDON |Unit Number |1 | |Unit Title |Business Environment | |Name of the Assessor | Read MoreStrategy Plan for Hmv Group.1212 Words   |  5 PagesTASK 1. a) Explain and analyse external factors affecting HMV. Executive summary HMV Groups markets had experienced rapid change over recent years and have become more competitive and with a diminishing amount of in store sales as consumers choose to use the internet to fulfil their needs. These trends are heavily influenced by celebrities and other social icons as well as advertising and publicity. The main technological development is that of the internet. 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Plato and Aristotle´s Philosophy of Perfecting Society

Both Plato and Aristotle have an extensive idea on who should rule a state, they both had an idea on how to improve existing societies during their lifetimes. Plato’s main argument on why philosophers were fit to be rulers was because they had better education. This aspect was based on four virtues which are wisdom, courage, moderation and justice. Justice has to do with harmony that results when everyone is actively engaged in fulfilling his role and does not meddle with that of others. Plato sought to cure the afflictions of both human society and human personality, which creates the conclusion that every citizen in a society has a functional roles to fulfill, including the guardians which is the logical reason to rule because they are deemed fit. Plato’s utopia consists of three distinct hereditary class system. The guardian; ruling and non ruling guardians, The non rulers; civil servants and society’s policy makers, Auxiliaries; soldiers and minor civil serv ants. Aristotle, unlike Plato, he is not concerned with perfecting society. All he wants to achieve is improving the existing one. He wants the society to reach the best possible system that could be attainable through the many ruling. This essay will argue the fact that both philosophers; Plato and Aristotle have different political view. It will transcend on Plato’s view of the wise and the few ruling; it will transcend on Aristotle’s view of the many to rule the affairs of a state. In book IV of The RepublicShow MoreRelatedPlato s Interpretation Of Utopia1630 Words   |  7 PagesPlato and Aristotle shared many differences despite also sharing a teacher student relationship. This essay will strive to establish their understandings of reason and the role reason plays in their comprehensions of politics, differentiating between the kinds of reason and politics produced as a result. Plato is regarded as the first writer of political philosophy while Aristotle is recognised as the first political scientist. Plato’s interpretation of Utopia is founded upon the existence of threeRead MorePlato And Aristotle s Views On Political Philosophy Essay3649 Words   |  15 Pagesâ€Å"Political Philosophy† is a normative study of state, government, relationships between individual and communities, laws, rights and justice. It depends on the philosophers that can be entangled with ethics, economics and also metaphysics. Political thinkers are the pioneers of â€Å"Modern Politics† in the world. The first serious political thinkers emerged in Greece. Plato and Aristotle are two great philosophers of ancient Greece. Plato in his book â€Å"The Republic† delivers the concept of utopian society whichRead MoreComparing Dante And Aquinas On Happiness1377 Words   |  6 PagesLive a Diversified Life For Dante and Aquinas, happiness does not only compose a useful life on earth but also in Heaven. Dante and Aquinas were sure that continued use of Aristotle virtues would not land any of their followers in heaven. To increase chances of one entering heaven, Dante and Aquinas developed proposed the incorporation of hope, faith, and charity into the daily virtues that people possess. According to Dante and Aquinas, possession of virtues like good temper and judgement couldRead More The History of Art Essay4153 Words   |  17 Pagesceremonies of some type. Plato believed art to be a form of communication on a metaphysical level. The modern western view of art appears to support his supposition in this regard. However, his student Aristotle felt that art was a reflection and invocation derived from the scientific forms of nature. Clearly, his ideology does not fit into the Ancient World’s artistic representations. As art evolves throughout history it intersects with Aristotle’s philosophy although not for many centuries

Aggression Management Communication Framework

Question: Discuss about the Aggression Managementfor Communication Framework. Answer: Introduction Behavioural Communicationcan be described as the psychological construct that has an influence in differences exhibited by individuals when expressing their thoughts, needs, or feelings. More specifically, behavioural communication refers to the tendency of people to express their thoughts, needs, and feelings through behavioural impacts or indirect messages (Ivanov Werner, 2010). Any behaviour or the absence of it when it is expected, may be perceived as being communicative if its intention is to convey a message. The behavioural communication construct is viewed as an individual differences variable. What this means is that some people tend to engage in behavioural communication more than others and do so unconsciously or consciously inspite of the them having the option of using verbal communication(Ivanov et al., 2010)This paper will look at aggression management; the characteristics of aggressive communicators; and strategies of handling intimidating, controlling, and aggressiv e peoples. The case scenario 1 is used in discussing the framework Communication Framework The communication framework that will be discussed in this paper is aggression management in relation to case scenario 1. This framework is appropriate as it offers strategies that the nurse can use in dealing with the aggressive relative. Ni (2014) offers some strategies that a person can utilize in handling an intimidating, controlling, and aggressive person. The strategies proposed include maintaining composure, keeping options open and maintaining one's distance, depersonalizing and shifting from being reactive to proactive, knowing one's fundamental human rights, putting the spotlight on the aggressor to reclaim one's power, displaying superior composure, and setting consequences to compel the aggressor to cooperate (Ni, 2014). In this scenario however some of the negative strategies are inapplicable for example , displaying superior composure, and setting consequences to compel the aggressor to cooperate. By avoiding these negative strategies, the nurse will be able to put at b ay any further confrontations and aggressive behaviour and the necessary communication will be made with regard to the young man's health status and what the hospital staffs is doing about it. Scenario Analysis In the scenario, a young man is brought to the ED having sustained serious head injuries from a fall. The patient goes into a coma and is on his way to be transferred to the ICU. It is during that time that the nurse goes to inform the patient's relatives of his health status and meets a couple who she presumes to be the siblings to the patient. The relatives become aggressive and demand to be told why the hospital had not provided them with any information via phone about the patient's condition. They also invade the nurse's personal space and go ahead and poke her at the shoulder as they shout at her and talk rudely. This is a display of aggression which is described as behaviour that is harmful which is in violation of social conventions and includes deliberate intention to hurt something or someone. Aggression is sub categorized into two areas that are homogenous and which are founded on statistical analysis such as factor analysis. The two main sub types of aggression are referr ed to as covert and overt. Overt aggression is expressed outwardly and is the open acts of confrontation such a fighting physically, bullying, or verbal threats (Putallaz, Grimes, Foster,et al., 2007). On the other hand, as the name suggests, covert aggression is more surreptitious and hidden and includes acts such as arson, truancy, and stealing (Simon, 2010). In this case scenario, the relatives to the patient exhibits covert aggression as they invade the nurse's space and pokes her on the shoulder as he talks to her. The two sub categories of aggression can be classified further as either maladaptive or adaptive. Adaptive aggression is viewed as appropriate and occurs in the interest of protection of one's integrity or for the survival of an individual (Mind and culture, 2011). An example of an adaptive aggression would be a child who steals food out of hunger in order to eat, or a young person who engages in fights to protect his possession from being stolen by bullies. On the contrary, aggression that is maladaptive does not defend or protect an individual rather, this form of aggression occurs where social cues antecedents are lacking and takes place in various diverse contexts(Pappadopulos, E., Rosato, N. S., Correll, et al., 2011). The frequency, intensity, and duration that the aggressive behaviour takes place are also often disproportionate to the apparent cause of the aggression(Jensen, Builtelaar, Pandina et al., 2007). In this case scenario, the relatives are exhibiting maladaptive agg ression where their reaction to the situation is not in proportion to the apparent aggression. The reaction by the relatives is not in their own defense neither does it seek to protect them, rather, they become aggressive to relay a message which they could have done with alternative verbal communication. Social boundaries are violated by aggressive behavior (Healthline, 2016; Buckholtz, 2015). This is exemplified in the scenario when the relatives begin to poke the nurse's shoulder. The aggressive behavior can be secretive or obvious (Whitson,2013). The relatives make their aggression obvious by talking loudly, rudely, and invading the nurse's personal space. Aggression is a subject that is complex mainly because what one person perceives to be acceptable behavior in expressing frustration and anger may be contrary to another person's perception. The theory of frustration-aggression proposes that frustration drives aggression and infers that individuals will most likely respond with aggression to situations that hinder them from attaining their goals (Grinell, 2016). The relatives in this case scenario were frustrated at not getting what they considered sufficient information with regard to what happened to the patient, the patient's current health status, and any other relevant info rmation. Some of the emotional expressions of aggression include: feelings of powerlessness and frustration; impatience; anger; restlessness; hostility; anxiety or depression; and feelings of being upset(Lakeland Behavioral Health, 2015). The relatives were hostile, impatient, angry, and frustrated and expressed these emotions by talking loudly and rudely to the nurse in addition to getting physical with her. The downside of such aggressive behavior is that it leads to severed relationships as people tend to avoid confrontations with aggressive people. The relatives of the patient were talking loudly and were heard by others; the most likely thing that will happen is that the hospital staff will avoid any contact with them in an attempt to avoid any embarrassing situations arising. Effective Communication for Aggression management Three strategies will be most appropriate in this case scenario and which the nurse can apply effectively. The first is to maintain her composure and not get upset at the unwarranted aggression meted on her. Aggressive people tend to push people to the edge in an attempt to hurt and anger them to react (DeWall, Baumeister, Stillman et al., 2007). By so doing, an aggressive person will seek to take advantage of the recipient and exploit his/her weakness( Denson, Capper, Oaten al., 2011) .By being less reactive, the nurse will be able to use her better judgment in handling the situation. The nurse can count from 1 to 10 before giving an answer to any questions she is asked and avoid saying what she may later regret (Ni, 2014). If she does feel extremely upset, she can tell the relatives that she will get back to them with the answers they are seeking. The second strategy will be to keep her distance as well as options open (Ni, 2014). Time is of essence to the nurse and not all aggressive situations are worth spending unnecessary time over. Unless anything valuable or informative can be added to the conversation, the nurse should not spend any time than necessary with the patent's relatives. Keeping her distance and avoiding any form of engagement unless it is of highest priority should be the step the nurse takes. If the relatives persist in following her around after the initial meeting, the nurse can look for other options such as talking to her supervisor and explain the situation; her personal well-being should be the first priority. Once she is able to create the healthy distance, the third step will be to depersonalize herself and become proactive rather than reactive.(Ni, 2014). The nurse can do this by trying to view the situation from the patient' relatives' perspective. The nurse will inform the relatives of any notable or significant changes or information at the right time and do so in a brief but detailed way. By so doing, she will cover all important points in the short brief to minimize the chances of too many questions and heightened emotions by the relatives. Also, by giving the relatives only the necessary details in a timely manner, she will ease their anxiety and at the same time, the relatives will eventually learn that it is not necessary for them to continuously aggravate themselves or others at the hospital. Conclusion Every person is different but what is common among all people is communication. How one chooses to communicate a message is upon one's discretion. What one perceives to be acceptable behaviour in expressing themselves while communicating, can be viewed as being offensive to another person. While there are those that may choose to be passive communicators, there are those who are aggressive and often break social barriers. In this case scenario, the relatives of a young man demonstrated aggressive behaviour in expressing their frustration toward the hospital's information dissemination with regard to the young man's health status. This paper has offered some strategies that the nurse can adopt in dealing with aggressive people. The three strategies recommended include maintaining her composure and when she feels overwhelmed, she can excuse herself and inform the relatives that she will get back to them with more information. The second step is to keep her distance and options open. Sh e should consult with her supervisor if the situation gets out of hand. The final step is to depersonalize herself and become proactive; giving vital information at the right time to the relatives. References Buckholtz JW. (2015). Social norms, self-control,and the value of antisocial behavior. Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences. 3:1229. Denson TF, Capper MM, Oaten M, Friese M, Schofield TP.(2011). Self-control training decreases aggression in response to provocation in aggressive individuals. Journal of Research in Personality. 2011;45:2526. DeWall CN, Baumeister RF, Stillman TF, Gailliot MT.(2007). Violence restrained: Effects of self-regulation and its depletion on aggression. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology. 2007;43(6276). Grinnell, R. (2016). Frustration-Aggression Hypothesis.Psych Central. Retrieved on April 19, 2017, from https://psychcentral.com/encyclopedia/frustration-aggression-hypothesis/ Healthline (2016). Aggressive Behaviour. (Retrieved on 19th April, 2017). https://www.healthline.com/health/aggressive-behavior#overview1 Ivanov, M Werner, P (2010) Behavioral communication: Individual differences in communication style. Personality and Individual Differences: 49(1), pp. 1923 Jensen P. Builtelaar J. Pandina G. Binder R. Reyes M. Management of psychiatric disorders in children and adolescents with atypical antipsychotics.Eur J Child Adolesc Psychiatry.2007a;16:104120. Lakeland Behavioral Health (2015) Aggression Effects, Signs Symptoms. (Retrieved on 19th April, 2017). https://www.lakelandbehavioralhealth.com/co-occurring/aggression/signs-effects-symptoms Mind and Culture (2011). Is aggression adaptive? (Retrieved on 19th April, 2017). https://mindandculture.wordpress.com/2011/01/23/is-aggression-adaptive/ Ni, P (2014). How to Successfully Handle Aggressive and Controlling People. (Retrieved on 19th April, 2017). https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/communication-success/201409/how-successfully-handle-aggressive-and-controlling-people Pappadopulos, E., Rosato, N. S., Correll, C. U., Findling, R. L., Lucas, J., Crystal, S., Jensen, P. S. (2011). Experts Recommendations for Treating Maladaptive Aggression in Youth.Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology,21(6), 505515. https://doi.org/10.1089/cap.2010.0128 Putallaz, M., Grimes, C. L., Foster, K. J., Kupersmidt, J. B., Coie, J. D., Dearing, K. (2007). Overt and Relational Aggression and Victimization: Multiple Perspectives within the School Setting.Journal of School Psychology,45(5), 523547. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsp.2007.05.003 Simon, G.K (2010). In sheep's clothing: understanding and dealing with manipulative people. A. J. Christopher Company .Arkansas, US. Whitson, S (2013) Confronting Passive Aggressive Behavior: Strategies to identify and change hidden hostility in a relationship. (Retrieved in 19th April, 2017). https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/passive-aggressive-diaries/201305/confronting-passive-aggressive-behavior

The Western culture Essay Example For Students

The Western culture Essay Western-oriented modernism has greatly affected the formation of individual identities and gender relations around the world. This paper will focus on the construction of identity, gender and gender relations within the discourse of Westernization and modernization during the late-Ottoman Empire and early Republican Turkey. It attempts to show how social, political, and cultural institutions shape citizen identity and how redefinitions of them affect identity, gender, and gender roles in society. Examining the Pertev Bey series of three novels by Mi nevver Ayai lias primary source and some other various cultural and historical texts of the late-Ottoman and early Republican period in Turkey, this paper aims to search for the terms under which new forms of femininity and masculinity were constructed, especially within the private space of the family and in public debates, during the early twentieth century, which in turn changed gender relations to a great extent. The Western dominated concept of modernization has played an important role in the relationship of the West with non-Western countries. We will write a custom essay on The Western culture specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now The transformation of non-Western countries in response to the requirements set by the criteria and standards of the West has resulted in a variety of social, political, economical and cultural changes. Modernization has placed the responsibility on the non-West to aspire to the ideals of this movement in order to be considered as part of the network of the progressing countries. The effects of modernization have been influential on the formation of personal and social identities. The construction of gender relations as a result of a myriad of debates on individual identities has been an important area for examining the social and cultural consequences of modernism, which have greatly shaped human interactions into multiple directions. 2 During the early nineteenth century, the Ottoman Empire struggled to accommodate its heritage consisting of political, social and cultural structures, institutions and values to the influences of the expanding Western colonial culture. Due to the disintegration within the Empire, resulting to a great extent from the wars and the influence of nationalism in the nineteenth century, the Ottoman society had to find ways to unify the society in the face of the loss of lands and power. One of the solutions for the Empire appeared to be Westernization among several other trends such as pan Islamism and Ottomanism. The acceptance of Westernization shaped many aspects of Ottoman life, especially individual identities and gender relations. The beginnings of Westernization are generally associated with the Tanzimat Fermani (Imperial Decree) of 1839 issued during the reign of Abdi lmecid. The word Tanzimat means regulations, and is used to refer to the period between 1839 and 1878 during which a considerable number of Western-inspired political and social reforms were carried out in the Ottoman Empire with the aim of solving the disintegration of the Empire. Despite the fact that the Tanzimat Fermani does not explicitly mention anything about family, women and womens education, there have been arguments that it has indirectly caused changes in the family and in the status of women. Rules for the behaviour of women in the public domain, new regulations on the institution of marriage, the emphasis on education for the improvement of marriages, the equation of family and women with the whole society resulted in changes in the positions and life conditions of women. Therefore, it is significant to study the Tanzimat period in order to examine the question of what types of female and male identities were discussed by both sexes within the framework of Westernization and modernism moving gender relations in different directions. 3 Both the period of Tanzimat and later of the Turkish Republic, which was founded in 1923 abolishing the political system of the Empire, are significant in the study of Westernization in Turkey. The approach of the Ottoman and the Republican towards Westernization have differences as well as similarities and both periods in Turkish history have contributed to the construction of individual and national identities, thus it is significant to study both of them to understand the various historical forces that have affected the formation of individual identities and gender relations. Based on this premise, this research paper uses the term Ottoman and Republican to refer to the two different periods and their changes in Turkish history and thus, to examine the effects of Westernization on the issue of identity in Turkey. Method and Sources The available sources prove the existence of avenues for the Ottoman subject to respond to new forms of self-expression, thus to voice individual concerns and questions about the imposition of new definitions on the self. Literature was one tool that the intellectuals of the Tanzimat and later periods used in order to convey different approaches towards the effects of Westernization on the formation of individual identities. The characters and plots of novels would, in a didactic way, try to show the reader the appropriate boundaries of Westernization. This research paper will analyze the Pertev Bey series by Mi nevver Ayai li , as primary sources, written in the 1960s about the disintegration of an Ottoman family during the early twentieth century. It will try to provide evidence for social and cultural changes referred to in the novel by examining studies done on various secondary sources, such as: historical narrative accounts, newspaper articles, images, advertisements, and books about the social, political and cultural reforms of the late nineteenth and early twentieth century. The premise, on which the research is based, is that it is almost inevitable for any non- Western country to be affected by the hegemony of the Western civilization, which has resulted 4 in many cases of complex interactions with the West. .udadf78702e5d4a2cb0a4ce9e2e19c172 , .udadf78702e5d4a2cb0a4ce9e2e19c172 .postImageUrl , .udadf78702e5d4a2cb0a4ce9e2e19c172 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .udadf78702e5d4a2cb0a4ce9e2e19c172 , .udadf78702e5d4a2cb0a4ce9e2e19c172:hover , .udadf78702e5d4a2cb0a4ce9e2e19c172:visited , .udadf78702e5d4a2cb0a4ce9e2e19c172:active { border:0!important; } .udadf78702e5d4a2cb0a4ce9e2e19c172 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .udadf78702e5d4a2cb0a4ce9e2e19c172 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .udadf78702e5d4a2cb0a4ce9e2e19c172:active , .udadf78702e5d4a2cb0a4ce9e2e19c172:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .udadf78702e5d4a2cb0a4ce9e2e19c172 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .udadf78702e5d4a2cb0a4ce9e2e19c172 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .udadf78702e5d4a2cb0a4ce9e2e19c172 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .udadf78702e5d4a2cb0a4ce9e2e19c172 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .udadf78702e5d4a2cb0a4ce9e2e19c172:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .udadf78702e5d4a2cb0a4ce9e2e19c172 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .udadf78702e5d4a2cb0a4ce9e2e19c172 .udadf78702e5d4a2cb0a4ce9e2e19c172-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .udadf78702e5d4a2cb0a4ce9e2e19c172:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Music Censorship EssayThe content of texts and arguments will be interpreted within the analytical framework provided by the secondary sources in terms of the historical context of the period in which the arguments took place. Using mainly content analysis, this paper will examine social, cultural and political terms in texts for Ottoman subjecthood, citizenship, religious and national identities and for the definition and proposed characteristics of the acceptable and approved modern female and male individuals. Content analysis can help examine the deep underlying meanings and implications behind the verbal arguments in cultural texts. Paying attention to the intentions, tones, and word usage of the writers of these texts, this research will try to get at the individual attitudes, which can vary from cynical, paradoxical, and iron to appreciative, approving and celebratory, when confronted with the question of what type of female and male characteristics should be formed within the framework modernization and Westernization. The case of Turkey might be considered as a good example of the rhetorical domination of Westernization. However, it may limit the ability to make a general argument, as the heterogeneous nature of the Middle East, and of the non-West in general, would interfere with the notion of one specific way of dealing with Western influence. The variety of cultures within the region would challenge a stereotypical perspective on how each country has dealt with the influence of the West. The internal dynamics of each community may interfere with a general conclusion drawn from the study on Turkey about how each society has responded to the challenges faced in the encounter with the Western culture. This study is meant to be an examination of a particular and unique case. Some of the themes that are necessary in dealing with this topic are gendered politics, womens agency, patriarchal feminism, modernism and the family as the indigenous domain of social control. 5 Gendered Politics and Womens Agency Examining the formation of gender relations, this paper assumes the significance of studying both genders simultaneously as they are seen as contributing to each others formation through a dialectical relationship. Many arguments have been made about the neglect of the study on female experiences in understanding history. However, one must be careful not to equate the concept of gender with only female concerns, as it requires the male counterpart in its understanding. Among the thinkers using the term gendered politics, the importance of studying the agency of women in the formation of international politics and history has been acknowledged. Enloe in her book Bananas, Beaches and Bases, writing on international politics and feminism, criticizes patriarchal nationalism and gendered politics, which in her opinion prevent a full appreciation of history as they neglect the active participation of women in these fields. Patriarchal nationalism has perpetuated the inequalities in power relationships between sexes by viewing the female as the inferior subject that needs to accommodate to the wishes of the male elite. Thus, it has highly influenced the discourse on womens roles in the construction of a nation. Scotts poststructuralist approach to the study on the meaning of gender, in Gender and the Politics of History, bases its argument on the fact that gender is historically constructed, legitimated, challenged and maintained. The deconstruction of meaning by referring to oppositions, negations, hierarchical dependencies, exclusions and inclusions is, in Scotts opinion, significant when analyzing the unstable flowing word of gender. The term is manipulated by various forces that constantly interact to reshape its meaning. Therefore, it is essential, in studying the changes regarding gender during the late-Ottoman Empire, to situate it into the historical context including various social, cultural and political changes that might have 6 had different impacts on the creation of new definitions. The Tanzimat period, with its reforms and social trends and understandings, appears to be among those forces that reshaped gender, social and individual identities and relations. Frierson, in her analysis of the popular press during the reign of Abdi lhamid II, argues for the need to investigate the concept of gender with special focus on the agency of women in the process of modernization during the Hamidian era. She rightly thinks that his reign serves as an important source for the understanding of how later the proponents of Kemalism 1were able to mobilize women into the public sphere. The study of gender is essential, in her opinion, to grasp the process of state building, which is similar to the discourse by Enloe and Scott about the agency of women throughout history. Frierson analyzes the function of the popular press in educating the public about the reforms for Westernization and in providing ways, especially for women, to respond to the changes on individual identities. Literate women responded to the questions about the new identities imposed upon themselves under the impact of the modernizing language of Hamidian reforms. .u98f9b46467c1be415c00ede73e7fbded , .u98f9b46467c1be415c00ede73e7fbded .postImageUrl , .u98f9b46467c1be415c00ede73e7fbded .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u98f9b46467c1be415c00ede73e7fbded , .u98f9b46467c1be415c00ede73e7fbded:hover , .u98f9b46467c1be415c00ede73e7fbded:visited , .u98f9b46467c1be415c00ede73e7fbded:active { border:0!important; } .u98f9b46467c1be415c00ede73e7fbded .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u98f9b46467c1be415c00ede73e7fbded { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u98f9b46467c1be415c00ede73e7fbded:active , .u98f9b46467c1be415c00ede73e7fbded:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u98f9b46467c1be415c00ede73e7fbded .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u98f9b46467c1be415c00ede73e7fbded .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u98f9b46467c1be415c00ede73e7fbded .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u98f9b46467c1be415c00ede73e7fbded .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u98f9b46467c1be415c00ede73e7fbded:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u98f9b46467c1be415c00ede73e7fbded .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u98f9b46467c1be415c00ede73e7fbded .u98f9b46467c1be415c00ede73e7fbded-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u98f9b46467c1be415c00ede73e7fbded:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Hate Crimes EssayThus, their contribution to the historical changes of their societies needs to be analyzed as part of a study on the formation of gender relations affected by the consequences of a modernist discourse. Zilfi, in her work on Ottoman women of an earlier period, also argues that it is essential to focus on womens issues in the Ottoman Empire in order to see the broader picture on the Islamic past of women, which, in her opinion, has mainly consisted of pre-Ottoman past or Arabic sources in historical works. The book she edited consists of different articles that try to answer the question of womens active participation in the construction of their own social boundaries. Various studies on women and law, economy, vaki f (charity foundations) and marriage attempt to form a new framework to analyze womens experiences. Zilfi says; We argue that the elements of legal, physical and communal space converge to construct the 7 boundaries of Ottoman womens experiences (48) and continues; We replace the public/private dichotomy that has long dominated analysis of gender within the context of the Middle East with a new conception of womens experience. The new concept focuses on womans agency and traces her actions and interactions throughout all aspects of society, from everyday practices to material interests, from social rituals to symbolic expressions. (49) Zilfi appears to be on the same road with Enloe, Scott, and Frierson by tapping into the women question, acknowledging womens important role in the historical changes of their communities. Judith Tucker argues for recognition of the diversity in the Middle East, which in her opinion, requires scholars to form different criteria for studying gender in different contexts. She says that the variety of interpretations of Islam in the Middle East provide an example of the difficulty of generalizing or categorizing the Middle East and gender experiences in this region. The boundaries drawn and redrawn by historical, social, and contextual circumstances limit the ability to form generalizations about different cultures often considered to be in the same geographical region of the world. As the ideas Frierson, Enloe, Scott, Peteet, Tucker and Zilfi point out, for the purpose of this research paper, it is significant to start with the assumption that womens agency is significant in the construction of history. Digging into womens experiences of the modernization process, influenced to a great extent by both in the patriarchal society of the Ottomans and the patriarchal tendencies in the West, would enhance the understanding of the changes during the late nineteenth and early twentieth century Turkey. Family and Patriarchal Feminism The Ottoman Empire, despite the fact that it was not colonized, can be considered having experienced a type of colonialism when it took the West as a model in certain respects for the purpose of solving the disintegration in the Empire during the late nineteenth century. Within this perspective, nationalism and colonialism become useful terms to talk about the relationship 8 between the West and the Ottoman Empire. Chatterjee, in his work The Nation and its Fragments, uses the term anti-colonial nationalism, which creates its own domain of sovereignity within colonial society well before it begins its political battle with imperial power. It does this by dividing the world of social institutions and practices into two domains-the material and the spiritual. (6) Nationalism declares the spiritual as its sovereign domain where it launches the fashioning of a modern, national culture. Family, usually defined as the sphere of the female, is one of the sites of spiritual domain where the nation has the power to prevent interference from outside forces. (Peteet) In the face of colonialism, culture has been the driving motivation behind assertion of self-identities. Cultural authenticity (Peteet) has served as a unifier in the process of fragmentation caused by the encounter with a new civilization. Women have been equated with the primary agents who would establish, maintain, strengthen, and transmit the indigenous authentic cultures. (Peteet) Therefore, it has been generally considered that male rulers and thinkers of societies have assigned several roles to women for the enhancement of the interests of the nation as a whole. With its patriarchal social structure, the Ottoman Empire is assumed to have exercised its male hegemony over the female specifically in the family, which surfaces as an essential place to search for definitions of individual identities and gender relations. Gi le, in her examination of the relationships between modernism, religion and gender relations, specifically in Turkey, focuses on the notion of women as agents and symbols of the civilizing project of the reformists in the society. The Western culture Essay Example For Students The Western culture Essay Western-oriented modernism has greatly affected the formation of individual identities and gender relations around the world. This paper will focus on the construction of identity, gender and gender relations within the discourse of Westernization and modernization during the late-Ottoman Empire and early Republican Turkey. It attempts to show how social, political, and cultural institutions shape citizen identity and how redefinitions of them affect identity, gender, and gender roles in society. Examining the Pertev Bey series of three novels by Mi nevver Ayai lias primary source and some other various cultural and historical texts of the late-Ottoman and early Republican period in Turkey, this paper aims to search for the terms under which new forms of femininity and masculinity were constructed, especially within the private space of the family and in public debates, during the early twentieth century, which in turn changed gender relations to a great extent. The Western dominated concept of modernization has played an important role in the relationship of the West with non-Western countries. We will write a custom essay on The Western culture specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now The transformation of non-Western countries in response to the requirements set by the criteria and standards of the West has resulted in a variety of social, political, economical and cultural changes. Modernization has placed the responsibility on the non-West to aspire to the ideals of this movement in order to be considered as part of the network of the progressing countries. The effects of modernization have been influential on the formation of personal and social identities. The construction of gender relations as a result of a myriad of debates on individual identities has been an important area for examining the social and cultural consequences of modernism, which have greatly shaped human interactions into multiple directions. 2 During the early nineteenth century, the Ottoman Empire struggled to accommodate its heritage consisting of political, social and cultural structures, institutions and values to the influences of the expanding Western colonial culture. Due to the disintegration within the Empire, resulting to a great extent from the wars and the influence of nationalism in the nineteenth century, the Ottoman society had to find ways to unify the society in the face of the loss of lands and power. One of the solutions for the Empire appeared to be Westernization among several other trends such as pan Islamism and Ottomanism. The acceptance of Westernization shaped many aspects of Ottoman life, especially individual identities and gender relations. The beginnings of Westernization are generally associated with the Tanzimat Fermani (Imperial Decree) of 1839 issued during the reign of Abdi lmecid. The word Tanzimat means regulations, and is used to refer to the period between 1839 and 1878 during which a considerable number of Western-inspired political and social reforms were carried out in the Ottoman Empire with the aim of solving the disintegration of the Empire. Despite the fact that the Tanzimat Fermani does not explicitly mention anything about family, women and womens education, there have been arguments that it has indirectly caused changes in the family and in the status of women. Rules for the behaviour of women in the public domain, new regulations on the institution of marriage, the emphasis on education for the improvement of marriages, the equation of family and women with the whole society resulted in changes in the positions and life conditions of women. Therefore, it is significant to study the Tanzimat period in order to examine the question of what types of female and male identities were discussed by both sexes within the framework of Westernization and modernism moving gender relations in different directions. 3 Both the period of Tanzimat and later of the Turkish Republic, which was founded in 1923 abolishing the political system of the Empire, are significant in the study of Westernization in Turkey. The approach of the Ottoman and the Republican towards Westernization have differences as well as similarities and both periods in Turkish history have contributed to the construction of individual and national identities, thus it is significant to study both of them to understand the various historical forces that have affected the formation of individual identities and gender relations. Based on this premise, this research paper uses the term Ottoman and Republican to refer to the two different periods and their changes in Turkish history and thus, to examine the effects of Westernization on the issue of identity in Turkey. Method and Sources The available sources prove the existence of avenues for the Ottoman subject to respond to new forms of self-expression, thus to voice individual concerns and questions about the imposition of new definitions on the self. Literature was one tool that the intellectuals of the Tanzimat and later periods used in order to convey different approaches towards the effects of Westernization on the formation of individual identities. The characters and plots of novels would, in a didactic way, try to show the reader the appropriate boundaries of Westernization. This research paper will analyze the Pertev Bey series by Mi nevver Ayai li , as primary sources, written in the 1960s about the disintegration of an Ottoman family during the early twentieth century. It will try to provide evidence for social and cultural changes referred to in the novel by examining studies done on various secondary sources, such as: historical narrative accounts, newspaper articles, images, advertisements, and books about the social, political and cultural reforms of the late nineteenth and early twentieth century. The premise, on which the research is based, is that it is almost inevitable for any non- Western country to be affected by the hegemony of the Western civilization, which has resulted 4 in many cases of complex interactions with the West. .udadf78702e5d4a2cb0a4ce9e2e19c172 , .udadf78702e5d4a2cb0a4ce9e2e19c172 .postImageUrl , .udadf78702e5d4a2cb0a4ce9e2e19c172 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .udadf78702e5d4a2cb0a4ce9e2e19c172 , .udadf78702e5d4a2cb0a4ce9e2e19c172:hover , .udadf78702e5d4a2cb0a4ce9e2e19c172:visited , .udadf78702e5d4a2cb0a4ce9e2e19c172:active { border:0!important; } .udadf78702e5d4a2cb0a4ce9e2e19c172 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .udadf78702e5d4a2cb0a4ce9e2e19c172 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .udadf78702e5d4a2cb0a4ce9e2e19c172:active , .udadf78702e5d4a2cb0a4ce9e2e19c172:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .udadf78702e5d4a2cb0a4ce9e2e19c172 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .udadf78702e5d4a2cb0a4ce9e2e19c172 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .udadf78702e5d4a2cb0a4ce9e2e19c172 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .udadf78702e5d4a2cb0a4ce9e2e19c172 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .udadf78702e5d4a2cb0a4ce9e2e19c172:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .udadf78702e5d4a2cb0a4ce9e2e19c172 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .udadf78702e5d4a2cb0a4ce9e2e19c172 .udadf78702e5d4a2cb0a4ce9e2e19c172-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .udadf78702e5d4a2cb0a4ce9e2e19c172:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Music Censorship EssayThe content of texts and arguments will be interpreted within the analytical framework provided by the secondary sources in terms of the historical context of the period in which the arguments took place. Using mainly content analysis, this paper will examine social, cultural and political terms in texts for Ottoman subjecthood, citizenship, religious and national identities and for the definition and proposed characteristics of the acceptable and approved modern female and male individuals. Content analysis can help examine the deep underlying meanings and implications behind the verbal arguments in cultural texts. Paying attention to the intentions, tones, and word usage of the writers of these texts, this research will try to get at the individual attitudes, which can vary from cynical, paradoxical, and iron to appreciative, approving and celebratory, when confronted with the question of what type of female and male characteristics should be formed within the framework modernization and Westernization. The case of Turkey might be considered as a good example of the rhetorical domination of Westernization. However, it may limit the ability to make a general argument, as the heterogeneous nature of the Middle East, and of the non-West in general, would interfere with the notion of one specific way of dealing with Western influence. The variety of cultures within the region would challenge a stereotypical perspective on how each country has dealt with the influence of the West. The internal dynamics of each community may interfere with a general conclusion drawn from the study on Turkey about how each society has responded to the challenges faced in the encounter with the Western culture. This study is meant to be an examination of a particular and unique case. Some of the themes that are necessary in dealing with this topic are gendered politics, womens agency, patriarchal feminism, modernism and the family as the indigenous domain of social control. 5 Gendered Politics and Womens Agency Examining the formation of gender relations, this paper assumes the significance of studying both genders simultaneously as they are seen as contributing to each others formation through a dialectical relationship. Many arguments have been made about the neglect of the study on female experiences in understanding history. However, one must be careful not to equate the concept of gender with only female concerns, as it requires the male counterpart in its understanding. Among the thinkers using the term gendered politics, the importance of studying the agency of women in the formation of international politics and history has been acknowledged. Enloe in her book Bananas, Beaches and Bases, writing on international politics and feminism, criticizes patriarchal nationalism and gendered politics, which in her opinion prevent a full appreciation of history as they neglect the active participation of women in these fields. Patriarchal nationalism has perpetuated the inequalities in power relationships between sexes by viewing the female as the inferior subject that needs to accommodate to the wishes of the male elite. Thus, it has highly influenced the discourse on womens roles in the construction of a nation. Scotts poststructuralist approach to the study on the meaning of gender, in Gender and the Politics of History, bases its argument on the fact that gender is historically constructed, legitimated, challenged and maintained. The deconstruction of meaning by referring to oppositions, negations, hierarchical dependencies, exclusions and inclusions is, in Scotts opinion, significant when analyzing the unstable flowing word of gender. The term is manipulated by various forces that constantly interact to reshape its meaning. Therefore, it is essential, in studying the changes regarding gender during the late-Ottoman Empire, to situate it into the historical context including various social, cultural and political changes that might have 6 had different impacts on the creation of new definitions. The Tanzimat period, with its reforms and social trends and understandings, appears to be among those forces that reshaped gender, social and individual identities and relations. Frierson, in her analysis of the popular press during the reign of Abdi lhamid II, argues for the need to investigate the concept of gender with special focus on the agency of women in the process of modernization during the Hamidian era. She rightly thinks that his reign serves as an important source for the understanding of how later the proponents of Kemalism 1were able to mobilize women into the public sphere. The study of gender is essential, in her opinion, to grasp the process of state building, which is similar to the discourse by Enloe and Scott about the agency of women throughout history. Frierson analyzes the function of the popular press in educating the public about the reforms for Westernization and in providing ways, especially for women, to respond to the changes on individual identities. Literate women responded to the questions about the new identities imposed upon themselves under the impact of the modernizing language of Hamidian reforms. .u98f9b46467c1be415c00ede73e7fbded , .u98f9b46467c1be415c00ede73e7fbded .postImageUrl , .u98f9b46467c1be415c00ede73e7fbded .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u98f9b46467c1be415c00ede73e7fbded , .u98f9b46467c1be415c00ede73e7fbded:hover , .u98f9b46467c1be415c00ede73e7fbded:visited , .u98f9b46467c1be415c00ede73e7fbded:active { border:0!important; } .u98f9b46467c1be415c00ede73e7fbded .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u98f9b46467c1be415c00ede73e7fbded { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u98f9b46467c1be415c00ede73e7fbded:active , .u98f9b46467c1be415c00ede73e7fbded:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u98f9b46467c1be415c00ede73e7fbded .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u98f9b46467c1be415c00ede73e7fbded .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u98f9b46467c1be415c00ede73e7fbded .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u98f9b46467c1be415c00ede73e7fbded .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u98f9b46467c1be415c00ede73e7fbded:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u98f9b46467c1be415c00ede73e7fbded .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u98f9b46467c1be415c00ede73e7fbded .u98f9b46467c1be415c00ede73e7fbded-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u98f9b46467c1be415c00ede73e7fbded:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Hate Crimes EssayThus, their contribution to the historical changes of their societies needs to be analyzed as part of a study on the formation of gender relations affected by the consequences of a modernist discourse. Zilfi, in her work on Ottoman women of an earlier period, also argues that it is essential to focus on womens issues in the Ottoman Empire in order to see the broader picture on the Islamic past of women, which, in her opinion, has mainly consisted of pre-Ottoman past or Arabic sources in historical works. The book she edited consists of different articles that try to answer the question of womens active participation in the construction of their own social boundaries. Various studies on women and law, economy, vaki f (charity foundations) and marriage attempt to form a new framework to analyze womens experiences. Zilfi says; We argue that the elements of legal, physical and communal space converge to construct the 7 boundaries of Ottoman womens experiences (48) and continues; We replace the public/private dichotomy that has long dominated analysis of gender within the context of the Middle East with a new conception of womens experience. The new concept focuses on womans agency and traces her actions and interactions throughout all aspects of society, from everyday practices to material interests, from social rituals to symbolic expressions. (49) Zilfi appears to be on the same road with Enloe, Scott, and Frierson by tapping into the women question, acknowledging womens important role in the historical changes of their communities. Judith Tucker argues for recognition of the diversity in the Middle East, which in her opinion, requires scholars to form different criteria for studying gender in different contexts. She says that the variety of interpretations of Islam in the Middle East provide an example of the difficulty of generalizing or categorizing the Middle East and gender experiences in this region. The boundaries drawn and redrawn by historical, social, and contextual circumstances limit the ability to form generalizations about different cultures often considered to be in the same geographical region of the world. As the ideas Frierson, Enloe, Scott, Peteet, Tucker and Zilfi point out, for the purpose of this research paper, it is significant to start with the assumption that womens agency is significant in the construction of history. Digging into womens experiences of the modernization process, influenced to a great extent by both in the patriarchal society of the Ottomans and the patriarchal tendencies in the West, would enhance the understanding of the changes during the late nineteenth and early twentieth century Turkey. Family and Patriarchal Feminism The Ottoman Empire, despite the fact that it was not colonized, can be considered having experienced a type of colonialism when it took the West as a model in certain respects for the purpose of solving the disintegration in the Empire during the late nineteenth century. Within this perspective, nationalism and colonialism become useful terms to talk about the relationship 8 between the West and the Ottoman Empire. Chatterjee, in his work The Nation and its Fragments, uses the term anti-colonial nationalism, which creates its own domain of sovereignity within colonial society well before it begins its political battle with imperial power. It does this by dividing the world of social institutions and practices into two domains-the material and the spiritual. (6) Nationalism declares the spiritual as its sovereign domain where it launches the fashioning of a modern, national culture. Family, usually defined as the sphere of the female, is one of the sites of spiritual domain where the nation has the power to prevent interference from outside forces. (Peteet) In the face of colonialism, culture has been the driving motivation behind assertion of self-identities. Cultural authenticity (Peteet) has served as a unifier in the process of fragmentation caused by the encounter with a new civilization. Women have been equated with the primary agents who would establish, maintain, strengthen, and transmit the indigenous authentic cultures. (Peteet) Therefore, it has been generally considered that male rulers and thinkers of societies have assigned several roles to women for the enhancement of the interests of the nation as a whole. With its patriarchal social structure, the Ottoman Empire is assumed to have exercised its male hegemony over the female specifically in the family, which surfaces as an essential place to search for definitions of individual identities and gender relations. Gi le, in her examination of the relationships between modernism, religion and gender relations, specifically in Turkey, focuses on the notion of women as agents and symbols of the civilizing project of the reformists in the society. The Western culture Essay Example For Students The Western culture Essay Western-oriented modernism has greatly affected the formation of individual identities and gender relations around the world. This paper will focus on the construction of identity, gender and gender relations within the discourse of Westernization and modernization during the late-Ottoman Empire and early Republican Turkey. It attempts to show how social, political, and cultural institutions shape citizen identity and how redefinitions of them affect identity, gender, and gender roles in society. Examining the Pertev Bey series of three novels by Mi nevver Ayai lias primary source and some other various cultural and historical texts of the late-Ottoman and early Republican period in Turkey, this paper aims to search for the terms under which new forms of femininity and masculinity were constructed, especially within the private space of the family and in public debates, during the early twentieth century, which in turn changed gender relations to a great extent. The Western dominated concept of modernization has played an important role in the relationship of the West with non-Western countries. We will write a custom essay on The Western culture specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now The transformation of non-Western countries in response to the requirements set by the criteria and standards of the West has resulted in a variety of social, political, economical and cultural changes. Modernization has placed the responsibility on the non-West to aspire to the ideals of this movement in order to be considered as part of the network of the progressing countries. The effects of modernization have been influential on the formation of personal and social identities. The construction of gender relations as a result of a myriad of debates on individual identities has been an important area for examining the social and cultural consequences of modernism, which have greatly shaped human interactions into multiple directions. 2 During the early nineteenth century, the Ottoman Empire struggled to accommodate its heritage consisting of political, social and cultural structures, institutions and values to the influences of the expanding Western colonial culture. Due to the disintegration within the Empire, resulting to a great extent from the wars and the influence of nationalism in the nineteenth century, the Ottoman society had to find ways to unify the society in the face of the loss of lands and power. One of the solutions for the Empire appeared to be Westernization among several other trends such as pan Islamism and Ottomanism. The acceptance of Westernization shaped many aspects of Ottoman life, especially individual identities and gender relations. The beginnings of Westernization are generally associated with the Tanzimat Fermani (Imperial Decree) of 1839 issued during the reign of Abdi lmecid. The word Tanzimat means regulations, and is used to refer to the period between 1839 and 1878 during which a considerable number of Western-inspired political and social reforms were carried out in the Ottoman Empire with the aim of solving the disintegration of the Empire. Despite the fact that the Tanzimat Fermani does not explicitly mention anything about family, women and womens education, there have been arguments that it has indirectly caused changes in the family and in the status of women. Rules for the behaviour of women in the public domain, new regulations on the institution of marriage, the emphasis on education for the improvement of marriages, the equation of family and women with the whole society resulted in changes in the positions and life conditions of women. Therefore, it is significant to study the Tanzimat period in order to examine the question of what types of female and male identities were discussed by both sexes within the framework of Westernization and modernism moving gender relations in different directions. 3 Both the period of Tanzimat and later of the Turkish Republic, which was founded in 1923 abolishing the political system of the Empire, are significant in the study of Westernization in Turkey. The approach of the Ottoman and the Republican towards Westernization have differences as well as similarities and both periods in Turkish history have contributed to the construction of individual and national identities, thus it is significant to study both of them to understand the various historical forces that have affected the formation of individual identities and gender relations. Based on this premise, this research paper uses the term Ottoman and Republican to refer to the two different periods and their changes in Turkish history and thus, to examine the effects of Westernization on the issue of identity in Turkey. Method and Sources The available sources prove the existence of avenues for the Ottoman subject to respond to new forms of self-expression, thus to voice individual concerns and questions about the imposition of new definitions on the self. Literature was one tool that the intellectuals of the Tanzimat and later periods used in order to convey different approaches towards the effects of Westernization on the formation of individual identities. The characters and plots of novels would, in a didactic way, try to show the reader the appropriate boundaries of Westernization. This research paper will analyze the Pertev Bey series by Mi nevver Ayai li , as primary sources, written in the 1960s about the disintegration of an Ottoman family during the early twentieth century. It will try to provide evidence for social and cultural changes referred to in the novel by examining studies done on various secondary sources, such as: historical narrative accounts, newspaper articles, images, advertisements, and books about the social, political and cultural reforms of the late nineteenth and early twentieth century. The premise, on which the research is based, is that it is almost inevitable for any non- Western country to be affected by the hegemony of the Western civilization, which has resulted 4 in many cases of complex interactions with the West. .u695a3c94d2c720a4a114685c604dd4ba , .u695a3c94d2c720a4a114685c604dd4ba .postImageUrl , .u695a3c94d2c720a4a114685c604dd4ba .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u695a3c94d2c720a4a114685c604dd4ba , .u695a3c94d2c720a4a114685c604dd4ba:hover , .u695a3c94d2c720a4a114685c604dd4ba:visited , .u695a3c94d2c720a4a114685c604dd4ba:active { border:0!important; } .u695a3c94d2c720a4a114685c604dd4ba .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u695a3c94d2c720a4a114685c604dd4ba { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u695a3c94d2c720a4a114685c604dd4ba:active , .u695a3c94d2c720a4a114685c604dd4ba:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u695a3c94d2c720a4a114685c604dd4ba .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u695a3c94d2c720a4a114685c604dd4ba .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u695a3c94d2c720a4a114685c604dd4ba .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u695a3c94d2c720a4a114685c604dd4ba .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u695a3c94d2c720a4a114685c604dd4ba:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u695a3c94d2c720a4a114685c604dd4ba .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u695a3c94d2c720a4a114685c604dd4ba .u695a3c94d2c720a4a114685c604dd4ba-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u695a3c94d2c720a4a114685c604dd4ba:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The Road Not Taken - an analyis EssayThe content of texts and arguments will be interpreted within the analytical framework provided by the secondary sources in terms of the historical context of the period in which the arguments took place. Using mainly content analysis, this paper will examine social, cultural and political terms in texts for Ottoman subjecthood, citizenship, religious and national identities and for the definition and proposed characteristics of the acceptable and approved modern female and male individuals. Content analysis can help examine the deep underlying meanings and implications behind the verbal arguments in cultural texts. Paying attention to the intentions, tones, and word usage of the writers of these texts, this research will try to get at the individual attitudes, which can vary from cynical, paradoxical, and iron to appreciative, approving and celebratory, when confronted with the question of what type of female and male characteristics should be formed within the framework modernization and Westernization. The case of Turkey might be considered as a good example of the rhetorical domination of Westernization. However, it may limit the ability to make a general argument, as the heterogeneous nature of the Middle East, and of the non-West in general, would interfere with the notion of one specific way of dealing with Western influence. The variety of cultures within the region would challenge a stereotypical perspective on how each country has dealt with the influence of the West. The internal dynamics of each community may interfere with a general conclusion drawn from the study on Turkey about how each society has responded to the challenges faced in the encounter with the Western culture. This study is meant to be an examination of a particular and unique case. Some of the themes that are necessary in dealing with this topic are gendered politics, womens agency, patriarchal feminism, modernism and the family as the indigenous domain of social control. 5 Gendered Politics and Womens Agency Examining the formation of gender relations, this paper assumes the significance of studying both genders simultaneously as they are seen as contributing to each others formation through a dialectical relationship. Many arguments have been made about the neglect of the study on female experiences in understanding history. However, one must be careful not to equate the concept of gender with only female concerns, as it requires the male counterpart in its understanding. Among the thinkers using the term gendered politics, the importance of studying the agency of women in the formation of international politics and history has been acknowledged. Enloe in her book Bananas, Beaches and Bases, writing on international politics and feminism, criticizes patriarchal nationalism and gendered politics, which in her opinion prevent a full appreciation of history as they neglect the active participation of women in these fields. Patriarchal nationalism has perpetuated the inequalities in power relationships between sexes by viewing the female as the inferior subject that needs to accommodate to the wishes of the male elite. Thus, it has highly influenced the discourse on womens roles in the construction of a nation. Scotts poststructuralist approach to the study on the meaning of gender, in Gender and the Politics of History, bases its argument on the fact that gender is historically constructed, legitimated, challenged and maintained. The deconstruction of meaning by referring to oppositions, negations, hierarchical dependencies, exclusions and inclusions is, in Scotts opinion, significant when analyzing the unstable flowing word of gender. The term is manipulated by various forces that constantly interact to reshape its meaning. Therefore, it is essential, in studying the changes regarding gender during the late-Ottoman Empire, to situate it into the historical context including various social, cultural and political changes that might have 6 had different impacts on the creation of new definitions. The Tanzimat period, with its reforms and social trends and understandings, appears to be among those forces that reshaped gender, social and individual identities and relations. Frierson, in her analysis of the popular press during the reign of Abdi lhamid II, argues for the need to investigate the concept of gender with special focus on the agency of women in the process of modernization during the Hamidian era. She rightly thinks that his reign serves as an important source for the understanding of how later the proponents of Kemalism 1were able to mobilize women into the public sphere. The study of gender is essential, in her opinion, to grasp the process of state building, which is similar to the discourse by Enloe and Scott about the agency of women throughout history. Frierson analyzes the function of the popular press in educating the public about the reforms for Westernization and in providing ways, especially for women, to respond to the changes on individual identities. Literate women responded to the questions about the new identities imposed upon themselves under the impact of the modernizing language of Hamidian reforms. .u6c32687aef8ce87557a3a6aeede29dd4 , .u6c32687aef8ce87557a3a6aeede29dd4 .postImageUrl , .u6c32687aef8ce87557a3a6aeede29dd4 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u6c32687aef8ce87557a3a6aeede29dd4 , .u6c32687aef8ce87557a3a6aeede29dd4:hover , .u6c32687aef8ce87557a3a6aeede29dd4:visited , .u6c32687aef8ce87557a3a6aeede29dd4:active { border:0!important; } .u6c32687aef8ce87557a3a6aeede29dd4 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u6c32687aef8ce87557a3a6aeede29dd4 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u6c32687aef8ce87557a3a6aeede29dd4:active , .u6c32687aef8ce87557a3a6aeede29dd4:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u6c32687aef8ce87557a3a6aeede29dd4 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u6c32687aef8ce87557a3a6aeede29dd4 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u6c32687aef8ce87557a3a6aeede29dd4 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u6c32687aef8ce87557a3a6aeede29dd4 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u6c32687aef8ce87557a3a6aeede29dd4:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u6c32687aef8ce87557a3a6aeede29dd4 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u6c32687aef8ce87557a3a6aeede29dd4 .u6c32687aef8ce87557a3a6aeede29dd4-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u6c32687aef8ce87557a3a6aeede29dd4:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Losing Creativity Growing Up EssayThus, their contribution to the historical changes of their societies needs to be analyzed as part of a study on the formation of gender relations affected by the consequences of a modernist discourse. Zilfi, in her work on Ottoman women of an earlier period, also argues that it is essential to focus on womens issues in the Ottoman Empire in order to see the broader picture on the Islamic past of women, which, in her opinion, has mainly consisted of pre-Ottoman past or Arabic sources in historical works. The book she edited consists of different articles that try to answer the question of womens active participation in the construction of their own social boundaries. Various studies on women and law, economy, vaki f (charity foundations) and marriage attempt to form a new framework to analyze womens experiences. Zilfi says; We argue that the elements of legal, physical and communal space converge to construct the 7 boundaries of Ottoman womens experiences (48) and continues; We replace the public/private dichotomy that has long dominated analysis of gender within the context of the Middle East with a new conception of womens experience. The new concept focuses on womans agency and traces her actions and interactions throughout all aspects of society, from everyday practices to material interests, from social rituals to symbolic expressions. (49) Zilfi appears to be on the same road with Enloe, Scott, and Frierson by tapping into the women question, acknowledging womens important role in the historical changes of their communities. Judith Tucker argues for recognition of the diversity in the Middle East, which in her opinion, requires scholars to form different criteria for studying gender in different contexts. She says that the variety of interpretations of Islam in the Middle East provide an example of the difficulty of generalizing or categorizing the Middle East and gender experiences in this region. The boundaries drawn and redrawn by historical, social, and contextual circumstances limit the ability to form generalizations about different cultures often considered to be in the same geographical region of the world. As the ideas Frierson, Enloe, Scott, Peteet, Tucker and Zilfi point out, for the purpose of this research paper, it is significant to start with the assumption that womens agency is significant in the construction of history. Digging into womens experiences of the modernization process, influenced to a great extent by both in the patriarchal society of the Ottomans and the patriarchal tendencies in the West, would enhance the understanding of the changes during the late nineteenth and early twentieth century Turkey. Family and Patriarchal Feminism The Ottoman Empire, despite the fact that it was not colonized, can be considered having experienced a type of colonialism when it took the West as a model in certain respects for the purpose of solving the disintegration in the Empire during the late nineteenth century. Within this perspective, nationalism and colonialism become useful terms to talk about the relationship 8 between the West and the Ottoman Empire. Chatterjee, in his work The Nation and its Fragments, uses the term anti-colonial nationalism, which creates its own domain of sovereignity within colonial society well before it begins its political battle with imperial power. It does this by dividing the world of social institutions and practices into two domains-the material and the spiritual. (6) Nationalism declares the spiritual as its sovereign domain where it launches the fashioning of a modern, national culture. Family, usually defined as the sphere of the female, is one of the sites of spiritual domain where the nation has the power to prevent interference from outside forces. (Peteet) In the face of colonialism, culture has been the driving motivation behind assertion of self-identities. Cultural authenticity (Peteet) has served as a unifier in the process of fragmentation caused by the encounter with a new civilization. Women have been equated with the primary agents who would establish, maintain, strengthen, and transmit the indigenous authentic cultures. (Peteet) Therefore, it has been generally considered that male rulers and thinkers of societies have assigned several roles to women for the enhancement of the interests of the nation as a whole. With its patriarchal social structure, the Ottoman Empire is assumed to have exercised its male hegemony over the female specifically in the family, which surfaces as an essential place to search for definitions of individual identities and gender relations. Gi le, in her examination of the relationships between modernism, religion and gender relations, specifically in Turkey, focuses on the notion of women as agents and symbols of the civilizing project of the reformists in the society.

Unit Conversion Example Problem - Pounds to Kilograms

Unit Conversion Example Problem - Pounds to Kilograms Pounds (lb) and kilograms (kg) are two important units of mass and weight. The units are used for body weight, produce weight, and many other measurements. This worked example problem demonstrates how to convert pounds to kilograms and kilograms to pounds. Pounds to Kilograms Problem A man weighs 176 lbs. What is his weight in kilograms? Start with the conversion factor between pounds and kilograms. 1 kg 2.2 lbs Write this in the form of an equation to solve for kilograms: weight in kg weight in lb x (1 kg / 2.2 lb) The pounds cancel out, leaving kilograms. In essence this means all you have to do to get a kilogram weight in pounds is divide by 2.2:x kg 176 lbs x 1 kg/2.2 lbsx kg 80 kg The 176 lb. man weighs 80 kg. Kilograms to Pounds Conversion Its easy to work the conversion the other way, too. If given a value in kilograms, all you need to do is multiply it by 2.2 to get the answer in pounds. For example, if a melon weighs 0.25 kilograms, its weight in pounds is 0.25 x 2.2 0.55 lbs. Check Your Work To get a ballpark conversion between pounds and kilograms, remember there are about 2 pounds in a 1 kilogram, or the number is twice as much. The other way to look at it is to remember there are about half as many kilograms in a pound.